FYBA Geography (M) Sem 1-munotes

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munotes.in

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‘mZd ’$³V 2 Xebj dfmªnydu n¥Ïdrda Ambm. ‘mZdmH$S>o {Z[ajUmMr d
{díbofUmMr j‘Vm Amho ˶mZo emñÌ d V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg Ho$bm Z¡g{J©H$ ^yÑí¶mV
~Xb Ho$bm. ‘mZd{Z{‘©V ^yê$nohr CXm.B‘maVr,nyb H$maImZo, CÚmoJY§Xo dmhVyH$ d
XiUdiU B. {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. n¥Ïdrda Z¡g{J©H$ ^yê$nohr CXm. nd©V, ZÚm, ‘¡XmZo B
AmT>iVmV.
gy¶©‘m{bHo$Vrb n¥Ïdr ¶m EH$‘od J«hmda àmH¥${VH$ n¶m©daU gOrd-‘mZdmMr dñVr
AmT>iVo. n¥Ïdrdarb àmH¥${VH$ n¶m©daUmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$, ˶m§Mm nanñnam§er
AgUmam g§~§Y d ˶m§À¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ V¶ma Pmbobo n¥ÏdrMo Jw§VmJw§VrMo/~hþ{dY
ñdê$n "^yJmob' ¶m ‘yb^yV emñÌm‘wio g‘Oʶmg ‘XV hmoVo. doJdoJù¶m àXoemV
doJdoJù¶m àH$maMo bmoH$ amhVmV. ˶m§À¶m àmXo{eH$ {dVaUmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè¶m
KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg ^yJmobVk H$aVmV. àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmMo Vk ^yê$nm§Mr CËH«$m§Vr, ^yn¥îR>mÀ¶m
hmbMmbr, hdm d hdm‘mZ, ‘hmgmJamMo JwUY‘©, dZñnVr d àmUr ¶m KQ>H$m§Mo
ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVmV.
‘mZdr ^yJmobmMo Vk ‘mZd d ˶mMo àmH¥${VH$ n¶m©daU ¶m§À¶mVrb ghg§~§Ym§Mo
ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVmV. ^yJmobmÀ¶m H$mhr emIm§‘ܶo àmH¥${VH$ d ‘mZdr KQ>H$m§Vrb nañna
g§~§Ym§Mm, ˶m§Mm EH$‘oH$m§darb hmoUmè¶m n[aUm‘m§Mm EH${ÌV[a˶m Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
n¥Ïdrdarb {d{dY àUmë¶m§Mm Aä¶mg ^yJmobVkm§Zr doJdoJù¶m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio
^yJmobmÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m d¡{eîQ²>¶nyU© emIm {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m AmhoV.
1.21.21.21.21.2^yJmobmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m^yJmobmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m^yJmobmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m^yJmobmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m^yJmobmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdarb {d{dY Z¡g{J©H$ qH$dm ‘mZd{Z{‘©V KQ>H$m§À¶m {dVaUmMm
g§~§Y ^yJmobmer Amho. J«rH$ Vk Ba°Q>moñWo{Zg ¶m§Zr gd©àW‘ "^yJmob' ¶m g§koMm dmna
Ho$bm.-^yJmob- Geography h m e ã X X m o Z J « r H $ e ã X m § À ¶ m E H $ Ì r H $ a U m V y Z V ¶ m a P m b m
Amho. 'Geo' å h U O o n ¥ Ï d r d 'graphy' åhUOo dU©Z ˶m‘wio ^yJmob åhUOo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m
n¥îR>^mJmMo, {VÀ¶mdarb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo {dVaUm§Mo dU©Z ^yJmobVkm§Zr ˶m§À¶m
ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ ^yJmobmMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. ˶mn¡H$s H$mhr nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
1^ y J m o b m À ¶ m ¶ m { d f ¶ m V n ¥ Ï d r d a r b { d { d Y { R > H $ m U m § M o - ‘ m Z d m À ¶ m O J m M o • -
dU©Z d {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. - [aMS>© hmQ>©lmoZ
2. ^yJmobmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmVyZ H$moUVm KQ>H$ H$moR>o Amho? H$m§ Amho? d Vmo H$emMm
~Zbm Amho Vo g‘OVo. - ~mo‘Z
3. ^yJmob ho àXoem§Mo emñÌ Amho. - pìhX>mb X bm ãbme
4. ^yJmob ho ghg§~§YmMo emñÌ Amho. - {J«{’$W Q>oba
5. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdarb àmXo{eH$ V’$mdVtMo dU©Z d ñnîQ>rH$aU ^yJmobmer
g§~§{YV Amho. - S>opìhS> hmd}munotes.in

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Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
1. doJdoJù¶m ^yJmobV§km§Zr Ho$boë¶m ^yJmobmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m gm§Jm.
1.31.31.31.31.3^yJmobmMo ñdê$n d ì¶mßVr^yJmobmMo ñdê$n d ì¶mßVr^yJmobmMo ñdê$n d ì¶mßVr^yJmobmMo ñdê$n d ì¶mßVr^yJmobmMo ñdê$n d ì¶mßVr
n¥Ïdrdarb {d{dY àmH¥${VH$ d ‘mZdr KQ>H$m§Mo àmXo{eH$ {dVaU g‘OyZ Koʶmg
Cn¶w³V AgUmè¶m emñÌm§n¡H$s ^yJmob EH$ emñÌ Amho. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmMm d
˶mdarb KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmV Ho$bm OmVmo. ¶m KQ>H$m§À¶m ghg§~§YmVyZ
{Z‘m©U hmoUmao àmXo{eH$ AmH¥$Vr~§Y ^yJmobmV Aä¶mgbo OmVmV. WmoS>³¶mV ^yJmobmV
n¥ÏdrMo nwT>rb à‘wI ^mJ ¶oVmV.
^yn¥îR>-O‘rZ d ˶mdarb KQ>H$ (erbmdaU)
nmUr-‘hmgmJa- ˶m§Mo JwUY‘© (ObmdaU)
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m g^modVr AgUmao dm¶y§Mo AmdaU (dmVmdaU)
n¶m©daUmVrb gOrd (OrdmdaU)
^yJmobmMr ì¶mßVr-
àmH¥$[VH$ ^yJmobmV nwT>rb à‘wI KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
(A) erbmdaU (~) ObmdaU
(H$) dmVmdaU (S>) OrdmdaU
ho Mma à‘wI KQ>H$ d ˶m§À¶m àmXo{eH$ VgoM H$mbmZwê$n hmoUmè¶m ~XbmVyZ
n¥Ïdrda {d{dY JwUY‘© Agbobo KQ>H$ {Z‘m©U Pmbo AmhoV. ¶mMm Aä¶mg {d{dY
KQ>H$m§À¶m àmXo{eH$ {dVaUmV Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. ^yéno Am{U dZñnVr, njr, àmUr, ‘mZdr
OrdZ B. ¶m gd© KQ>H$m§Mo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdarb {dVaU A˶§V Ag‘mZ Amho.
{dkmZ
AmH¥$Vr 1.1 … ^yJmobmMr ì`márAmH¥$Vr 1.1 … ^yJmobmMr ì`márAmH¥$Vr 1.1 … ^yJmobmMr ì`márAmH¥$Vr 1.1 … ^yJmobmMr ì`márAmH¥$Vr 1.1 … ^yJmobmMr ì`márH$bm dm{UÁ`munotes.in

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Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
2. ^yJmobmMo ñdê$n d ì¶mßVr ñnîQ> H$am.
1.41.41.41.41.4^yJmobm˦m emIm-^yJmobm˦m emIm-^yJmobm˦m emIm-^yJmobm˦m emIm-^yJmobm˦m emIm-
^yJmobm˦m emIm
(A) àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmob (~) ‘mZdr ^yJmob (H$) g§¶w³V ^yJmob
(1) AdH$mer¶ ^yJmob (1) bmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmob (1) {df¶mda ZH$mememñÌ
(Thematic cartography)
(2) ^yê$nemñÌ (2) dñVr ^yJmob (2) H$m°å߶wQ>a ZH$mememñÌ
(3) hdm‘mZemñÌ (3) Am{W©H$ ^yJmob (3) Xÿa g§doXZ
(Remote Sensing)
(4) gmJaemñÌ (4) àmXo{eH$ ^yJmob (4) gm§p»¶H$s¶ ^yJmob
(5) ObemñÌ (5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob (5) àmXo{eH$ ^yJmob
(6) ^yOrdemñÌ (6) Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^yJmob (6) n¶m©daUr¶ ^yJmob
(7) ‘¥Xm ^yJmob (7) amOH$s¶ ^yJmob (7) ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr
à U m b r (GIS.)
(A)(A)(A)(A)(A) àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmob
àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmÀ¶m emIm nwT>rbà‘mUo
(1) AdH$mer¶ ^yJmob-AdH$mer¶ ^yJmob-AdH$mer¶ ^yJmob-AdH$mer¶ ^yJmob-AdH$mer¶ ^yJmob- gy¶©‘mboVrb d BVa J«h Vmè¶m§À¶m g§~§YmVrb n¥ÏdrMo
ñWmZ d ˶m§Mm n¥Ïdrda hmoUmam n{aUm‘ AdH$mer¶ ^yJmobmV Aä¶mgbm
OmVmo. hm J{UVr ^yJmobmMm ^mJ Amho. ¶mV n¥Ïdr ¶m J«hmMm AmH$ma KZ’$i,
Ajd¥Îmo d aoImd¥Îmo ¶m H$mënZrH$ g§X^© aofm, Q>mB©‘ PmoZ-n¥ÏdrMr X¡{ZH$-
dm{f©H$ JVr-F$Vy B˶mXtMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo. ↓ ↓ ↓
AmH¥$Vr 1.1A -^yJmobmMr Cn¶w³VVmAmH¥$Vr 1.1A -^yJmobmMr Cn¶w³VVmAmH¥$Vr 1.1A -^yJmobmMr Cn¶w³VVmAmH¥$Vr 1.1A -^yJmobmMr Cn¶w³VVmAmH¥$Vr 1.1A -^yJmobmMr Cn¶w³VVmgmdbrgmdbrgmdbrgmdbrgmdbrnpíM‘npíM‘npíM‘npíM‘npíM‘ nyd©nyd©nyd©nyd©nyd©
CZCZCZCZCZ
X{jUX{jUX{jUX{jUX{jUCËVa {XemCËVa {XemCËVa {XemCËVa {XemCËVa {Xemmunotes.in

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(2) ^yê$nemñÌ-^yê$nemñÌ-^yê$nemñÌ-^yê$nemñÌ-^yê$nemñÌ- "ãby‘' ¶m ^yJmob VkmÀ¶m ‘Vo ^yê$n emñÌ ho n¥Ïdrdarb
{d{dY ^yê$nm§À¶m dU©ZmMo/{díbofUmMo d ˶mda à{H«$¶m H$aUmè¶m à{H«$¶m§Mo emñÌ Amho.
(3) hdm‘mZemñÌ-hdm‘mZemñÌ-hdm‘mZemñÌ-hdm‘mZemñÌ-hdm‘mZemñÌ-"{‘ba' ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo XrK©H$mi hdm‘mZMo ~maH$mB©Zo {ZarjU H$ê$Z
˶mMo {díbofU H$aʶmMo H$m‘ hdm‘mZ emñÌmV Ho$bo OmVo. hdm‘mZemñÌmV
Vmn‘mZ, AmЩVm d dm¶w^ma ¶m‘wio dmVmdaUmV hmoUmè¶m ~XbmMm Aä¶mg
Ho$bm OmVmo. ¶m ~XbmÀ¶m n[aUm‘m‘wio n¥Ïdrda {d{dY hdm‘mZ{d^mJ {Z‘m©U
Pmbo AmhoV. ˶m§Mm n[aUm‘ Z¡g{J©H$ n¶m©daUmda hmoVmo.
(4) gmJaemñÌ-gmJaemñÌ-gmJaemñÌ-gmJaemñÌ-gmJaemñÌ- Oo àmD$S>Z ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo gmJaemñÌmV gmJaObmÀ¶m àmH¥${VH$ d
O¡{dH$ JwUY‘mªMm Aä¶mg, Vmn‘mZ-JVr ¶m§À¶m g§X^m©V Ho$bm OmVmo. ¶m
~oQ>~oQ>~oQ>~oQ>~oQ> gmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZ
‘¡XmZ‘¡XmZ‘¡XmZ‘¡XmZ‘¡XmZCVmaCVmaCVmaCVmaCVmand©Vnd©Vnd©Vnd©Vnd©V
S>m|Ja CVmaS>m|Ja CVmaS>m|Ja CVmaS>m|Ja CVmaS>m|Ja CVmanR>manR>manR>manR>manR>ma
AmH¥$Vr 1.2 - ^yê$nemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.2 - ^yê$nemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.2 - ^yê$nemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.2 - ^yê$nemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.2 - ^yê$nemñÌ
AmH¥$Vr 1.3 - hdm‘mZemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.3 - hdm‘mZemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.3 - hdm‘mZemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.3 - hdm‘mZemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.3 - hdm‘mZemñÌdmamdmamdmamdmamdmamgy¶©àH$megy¶©àH$megy¶©àH$megy¶©àH$megy¶©àH$me
Vmn‘mZVmn‘mZVmn‘mZVmn‘mZVmn‘mZd¥îQ>rd¥îQ>rd¥îQ>rd¥îQ>rd¥îQ>r
nmD$gnmD$gnmD$gnmD$gnmD$gT>JT>JT>JT>JT>J
hdm‘mZmMmhdm‘mZmMmhdm‘mZmMmhdm‘mZmMmhdm‘mZmMm
dZñnVtda n[aUm‘dZñnVtda n[aUm‘dZñnVtda n[aUm‘dZñnVtda n[aUm‘dZñnVtda n[aUm‘
R>am{dH$ àXoemVR>am{dH$ àXoemVR>am{dH$ àXoemVR>am{dH$ àXoemVR>am{dH$ àXoemV
R>am{dH$ PmS>oR>am{dH$ PmS>oR>am{dH$ PmS>oR>am{dH$ PmS>oR>am{dH$ PmS>o munotes.in

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{df¶mV ‘hmgmJamMr ViaMZm gmJa ObmÀ¶m hmbMmbr-^aVr AmohmoQ>r, gmJa
àdmh B˶mXtMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
(5) ObemñÌ-ObemñÌ-ObemñÌ-ObemñÌ-ObemñÌ- n¥Ïdrdarb {d{dY ê$nm§‘ܶo AmT>iUmè¶m Obê$nm§Mm Aä¶mg ¶m
emñÌmV Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. ‘hmgmJa, ZXr, {h‘ZXr, Vir d g‘wÐ VgoM
^y‘rJV nmUr, dmVmdaUmVrb ~mîn ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
(6) ^yOrdemñÌ-^yOrdemñÌ-^yOrdemñÌ-^yOrdemñÌ-^yOrdemñÌ-n¥Ïdrda dZñnVr d àmUr ¶m§Mo {d{dY àH$ma doJdoJù¶m {R>H$mUr
AmT>iVmV ˶m§Mo n¥Ïdrdarb {dVaU Ag‘mZ Amho. ¶m gdmªMm Aä¶mg
^yOrdemñÌmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
(7) ‘¥Xm ^yJmob•‘¥Xm ^yJmob•‘¥Xm ^yJmob•‘¥Xm ^yJmob•‘¥Xm ^yJmob•- ‘¥Xm n¥Ïdrdarb A˶§V ‘hËdmMr KQ>H$ Amho. Z¡g{J©H$
dZñnVtMr dmT> d {dH$mg ‘¥Xoda Adb§~yZ AgVo. doJdoJù¶m ‘¥Xm§‘ܶo
doJdoJù¶m dZñnVtMr dmT> doJmZo hmoVo. ‘¥XoMo ñdê$n, ˶mVrb gyú‘ H$Um§Mo
ñdê$n {VMo {dVaU ¶mMm Aä¶mg ‘¥Xm ^yJmobmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa
^aVr^aVr^aVr^aVr^aVr
AmohmoQ>rAmohmoQ>rAmohmoQ>rAmohmoQ>rAmohmoQ>r
gmJa {H$ZmamgmJa {H$ZmamgmJa {H$ZmamgmJa {H$ZmamgmJa {H$ZmamO‘rZO‘rZO‘rZO‘rZO‘rZ
AmH¥$Vr 1.4 - gmJaemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.4 - gmJaemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.4 - gmJaemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.4 - gmJaemñÌAmH¥$Vr 1.4 - gmJaemñÌ
AmH¥$Vr 1.5 - O¡d^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.5 - O¡d^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.5 - O¡d^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.5 - O¡d^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.5 - O¡d^yJmob{H$Zmè`mdarb{H$Zmè`mdarb{H$Zmè`mdarb{H$Zmè`mdarb{H$Zmè`mdarb
dZñnVrdZñnVrdZñnVrdZñnVrdZñnVr_mgo_mgo_mgo_mgo_mgo
{VdamMr PmS>o{VdamMr PmS>o{VdamMr PmS>o{VdamMr PmS>o{VdamMr PmS>ogyú_ H$sQ>H$gyú_ H$sQ>H$gyú_ H$sQ>H$gyú_ H$sQ>H$gyú_ H$sQ>H$C§MmdarbC§MmdarbC§MmdarbC§MmdarbC§Mmdarb
PmS>oPmS>oPmS>oPmS>oPmS>o
dmid§Q>mVrbdmid§Q>mVrbdmid§Q>mVrbdmid§Q>mVrbdmid§Q>mVrb
PmS>oPmS>oPmS>oPmS>oPmS>onjrnjrnjrnjrnjr
àmUràmUràmUràmUràmUrmunotes.in

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(~)(~)(~)(~)(~) ‘mZdr ^yJmob-‘mZdr ^yJmob-‘mZdr ^yJmob-‘mZdr ^yJmob-‘mZdr ^yJmob-
‘mZdr ^yJmobmÀ¶m emIm nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) bmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmob-bmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmob-bmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmob-bmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmob-bmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmob- n¥îR>^mJmdarb bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m {dVaUmda n[aUm‘
H$aUmè¶m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg bmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmobmV Ho$bm OmVo. VgoM
‘mZdr bmoH$g§»¶oer g§~§{YV {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mghr ¶m {df¶mV H$aVmV.
¶mV bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rMo ñnîQ>rH$aU bmoH$g§»¶oMr g§aMZm d bmoH$m§Mo ì¶dgm¶
¶m gdm©Mm bmoH$g§»¶m d gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§da n[aUm‘ ¶m {df¶mV
Aä¶mgbm OmVmo.
(2) dñVr ^yJmob-dñVr ^yJmob-dñVr ^yJmob-dñVr ^yJmob-dñVr ^yJmob- J«m‘rU ZmJar dñ˶m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr, ˶m§Mo ñWmZ d ˶m§Mr,
g§aMZm, AmH¥$Vr~§Y, ñdê$n d H$m¶} ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg dñVr ^yJmobmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
(3) Am{W©H$ ^yJmob-Am{W©H$ ^yJmob-Am{W©H$ ^yJmob-Am{W©H$ ^yJmob-Am{W©H$ ^yJmob- ‘mZdmMo Am{W©H$ ì¶dgm¶ àXoemZwgma doJdoJio AgVmV.
àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm‘ ‘mZdmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ ì¶dgm¶m§da hmoVmo. ¶m ì¶dgm¶m§Mo
àmXo{eH$ {dVaU H$emàH$mao Pmbo Amho ¶mMm Aä¶mg Am{W©H$ ^yJmobmV Ho$bm
OmVmo. ‘mZdmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ ì¶dgm¶m§Mo nwT>rbà‘mUo dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 1.6… _¥Xm ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.6… _¥Xm ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.6… _¥Xm ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.6… _¥Xm ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.6… _¥Xm ^yJmob Z X r M m J m i Z X r M m J m i Z X r M m J m i Z X r M m J m i Z X r M m J m i
(AàmXo{eH$ _¥Xm)(AàmXo{eH$ _¥Xm)(AàmXo{eH$ _¥Xm)(AàmXo{eH$ _¥Xm)(AàmXo{eH$ _¥Xm) d m i d § Q > r d m i d § Q > r d m i d § Q > r d m i d § Q > r d m i d § Q > r
_¥Xm_¥Xm_¥Xm_¥Xm_¥Xm
g _ w Ð g _ w Ð g _ w Ð g _ w Ð g _ w Ð n d © V r ` _ ¥ X m n d © V r ` _ ¥ X m n d © V r ` _ ¥ X m n d © V r ` _ ¥ X m n d © V r ` _ ¥ X m
àmXo{eH$àmXo{eH$àmXo{eH$àmXo{eH$àmXo{eH$
_¥Xm_¥Xm_¥Xm_¥Xm_¥Xm Z X r Z X r Z X r Z X r Z X r
AmH¥$Vr 1.7… dñVr ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.7… dñVr ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.7… dñVr ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.7… dñVr ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.7… dñVr ^yJmob Z m J a r Z m J a r Z m J a r Z m J a r Z m J a r
dñVrdñVrdñVrdñVrdñVr
J « m _ r U J « m _ r U J « m _ r U J « m _ r U J « m _ r U
d ñ V r d ñ V r d ñ V r d ñ V r d ñ V rmunotes.in

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(1) àmW{‘H$ ì¶dgm¶- CXm-H§$X‘wio/ O§JbmVrb AÝZ KQ>H$ Jmoim
H$aUo, {eH$ma, eoVr, ‘mgo‘mar, ImUH$m‘ B.
(2) {ÛVr¶H$ ì¶dgm¶•- H$maImZo, CÚmoJY§Xo, ~m§YH$m‘
(3) V¥Vr¶H$ ì¶dgm¶-CXm-ì¶mnma, dmhVwH$, d XiUdiU.
(4) MVwW©H$ ì¶dgm¶-CXm. {d{eîQ> godm- ~±H$m, {d‘m H§$nݶm, àemgH$s¶
d e¡j{UH$ godm, g§ajU {df¶H$, gwajm {dYr d d¡ÚH$s¶ gw{dYm.
A{dH${gV Xoem§‘ܶo àmW{‘H$ ì¶dgm¶mV Jw§Vboë¶m bmoH$m§Mo à‘mU A{YH$
AgVo Va {ÛVr¶H$, V¥Vr¶H$ d MVwW©H$ ì¶dgm¶mVrb bmoH$m§Mo à‘mU {dH${gV
Xoem§‘ܶo OmñV AgVo.
(4) àmXo{eH$ ^yJmob- àmXo{eH$ ^yJmob- àmXo{eH$ ^yJmob- àmXo{eH$ ^yJmob- àmXo{eH$ ^yJmob- ^yJmobmÀ¶m ¶m emIoV g‘mZ àmH¥${VH$ JwUY‘© AgUmè¶m
^mJmbm/ àXoembm "àXoe' (Region) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. hdm‘mZ, ^yàXoe
aMZm, Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr d bmoH$g§»¶m ¶m {ZH$fm§À¶m AmYmao "àXoe' R>a{dbo
OmVmV. CXm. ‘mÝgyZMm àXoe hdm‘mZmda AmYmarV Amho, {h‘mb¶mMm S>m|Jami
àXoe ^yàXoe aMZoda AmYmarV Amho. {H$ZmanQ²>Q>rMm àXoe {H$ZmanQ²>Q>rÀ¶m
ñWmZmda Adb§~yZ Amho. qgYy•-J§Jm ¶m ZÚm§À¶m Imoè¶m§Vrb àXoe ZXrÀ¶m
g^modVmbÀ¶m àXoemer- (nya ‘¡XmZmVrb) g§~§YrV Amho. ¶mMà‘mUo gìhmZm
àXoe JdVmi, A°‘oPm°Z àXoe dZì¶mßV Va bmoH$g§»¶oda AmYmarV àXoe bmoH$
g§»¶oÀ¶m {ZH$fm§da AmYmarV AgVmV.
(5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob- à˶oH$ àXoemV ahmUmè¶m bmoH$m§À¶m ahmUr‘mZ, H$nS>o,
AÝZ OodUmÀ¶m gd¶r, Ym{‘©H$ {H«$¶m, g‘ma§^, OÌm, gU, H$bm, ñWmn˶,
^mfm d ì¶dgm¶ ¶m gdmªda ˶m§À¶m nma§nmarH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md
AmT>iVmo.CXm. {¼íMZ {¼g‘g, qhXÿ {Xdmir, ‘wñbr‘ B©X, ~wÜX O¶§Vr ~m¡ÜX
d ‘hmdra O¶§Vr O¡Z gmOao H$aVmV.
ñWmn˶ emñÌmVhr Agm doJionUm AmT>iVmo. CXm. {~«{Q>em§Mr Jm°{WH$ e¡br,
‘m|Jbm§Mr ‘wKb e¡br, X{jU ^maVr¶m§Mr Ðm{dS>r e¡br, ~m¡ÜXm§Mo ñVyn d
n¡JmoS>m. ¶m gd© ñWmn˶m e¡btMm Aä¶mg gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
H$mbmZwén ¶m Iyn ~Xb AZw^d, JaO d nañna g§~§Y ¶mZwgma hmoV Jobo.
H$mi d V§ÌkmZ ¶mVrb ~XbmZwgma ‘mZdmÀ¶m g§ñH¥$VrV ~Xb hmoV Jobm.-AmH¥$Vr 1.8… Am{W©H$ ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.8… Am{W©H$ ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.8… Am{W©H$ ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.8… Am{W©H$ ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.8… Am{W©H$ ^yJmob
dmhVyH$dmhVyH$dmhVyH$dmhVyH$dmhVyH$
(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$
ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶) _mgo_mar_mgo_mar_mgo_mar_mgo_mar_mgo_mar
(àmW{_H$(àmW{_H$(àmW{_H$(àmW{_H$(àmW{_H$
ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)
eoVr dZ CËnmXZoeoVr dZ CËnmXZoeoVr dZ CËnmXZoeoVr dZ CËnmXZoeoVr dZ CËnmXZo
(àmW{_H$ ì¶dgm¶)(àmW{_H$ ì¶dgm¶)(àmW{_H$ ì¶dgm¶)(àmW{_H$ ì¶dgm¶)(àmW{_H$ ì¶dgm¶)H$maImZmH$maImZmH$maImZmH$maImZmH$maImZm
([ÛVr`H$ ì¶dgm¶)([ÛVr`H$ ì¶dgm¶)([ÛVr`H$ ì¶dgm¶)([ÛVr`H$ ì¶dgm¶)([ÛVr`H$ ì¶dgm¶)~mOmanoR>~mOmanoR>~mOmanoR>~mOmanoR>~mOmanoR>
(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$(V¥Vr`H$
ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)ì¶dgm¶)
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^Q>H$m-{eH$ma H$éZ, AÝZ Jmoim H$ê$Z OJUmam àmW{‘H$ AdñWoVrb ‘mZd,
J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb eoVr H$aUmam eoVH$ar, ehamVrb H$maImZXma, dmhVyH$Xma
¶m§À¶m ê$nmZo hm ~Xb bjmV ¶oVmo. OJmVrb {d{dY g‘mOm§da ¶m ~Xbm§Mm
à^md H$‘r-OmñV Agë¶mMo AmT>iVo.
(6) Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^yJmob-Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^yJmob-Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^yJmob-Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^yJmob-Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^yJmob- {d{dY àXoem§V d {d{dY H$mimV KS>Umè¶m Eo{Vhm{gH$
KQ>Zm§da ˶m àXoemVrbm¡Jmo{bH$- àmH¥${VH$ d ‘mZdr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md AmT>iVmo.
¶mMm Aä¶mg Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^yJmobmV H$aVmV.
(7) amOH$s¶ ^yJmob-amOH$s¶ ^yJmob-amOH$s¶ ^yJmob-amOH$s¶ ^yJmob-amOH$s¶ ^yJmob- {d{dY Xoem§Vrb amOH$s¶ àUmb[Mo {dVaU ^yJmobmÀ¶m ¶m
emIoV Aä¶mgbo OmVo. ¶mV àXoemÀ¶m gr‘m, Xoem§Mo nañna g§~§Y ¶m§Mm
Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo. amOH$s¶ àUmbrda gaH$maMr pñWaVm••-ApñWaVm
Adb§~yZ AgVo. ˶mMm à^md Xoem§V VgoM OJmVrb BVa Xoem§da OmUdVmo.
(H$) g§¶w³V ^yJmob-g§¶w³V ^yJmob-g§¶w³V ^yJmob-g§¶w³V ^yJmob-g§¶w³V ^yJmob-
àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmob VgoM ‘mZdr ^yJmobmV Cn¶w³V AgUmè¶m ^yJmobmÀ¶m emIm§Mm
g‘mdoe g§¶w³V ^yJmobmV Ho$bm Amho.
(1) {df¶dma ZH$mememñÌ ({df¶dma ZH$mememñÌ ({df¶dma ZH$mememñÌ ({df¶dma ZH$mememñÌ ({df¶dma ZH$mememñÌ ( Thematic Cartography )))))-EImÚm àXoemMm
^m¡Jmo{bH$ Aä¶mg H$aVmZm ZH$meo d AmH¥$˶m§Mr JaO bmJVo. gd}jUmÀ¶m
‘mܶ‘mVyZ O‘m Ho$bobr ‘m{hVr ZH$memÛmao XmI{dë¶mZ§Va A{YH$ ñnîQ> hmoVo.
CXm. OJmVrb bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm, nO©Ý¶mMo {dVaU B.
(2) H$m°å߶wQ>a ZH$mememñÌ (H$m°å߶wQ>a ZH$mememñÌ (H$m°å߶wQ>a ZH$mememñÌ (H$m°å߶wQ>a ZH$mememñÌ (H$m°å߶wQ>a ZH$mememñÌ ( Computer Cartography )))))- ¶m emIoV
H$m°å߶wQ>aÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU H$ê$Z ZH$meo AmH¥$˶m V¶ma Ho$ë¶m
OmVmV. ˶m‘wio doi, IM© d l‘ dmMVmV.
(3) Xÿa g§doXZ (Xÿa g§doXZ (Xÿa g§doXZ (Xÿa g§doXZ (Xÿa g§doXZ ( Remote sensing )-)-)-)-)-Xÿa g§doXZ ¶mMm AW© EImÚm KQ>H$mMm/
àXoemMr ‘m{hVr Xÿa A§Vamdê$Z Jmoim H$aUo. CXm. {d‘mZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z
hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌU Ho$bo OmVo Va CnJ«hm§À¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ Amnë¶mbm n¥Ïdrdarb
àXoem§Mr CnJ«h N>m¶m{MÌo ( Satelite imagery )- {‘iVmV. AZoH$ H$maUm§gmR>r
˶m§Mm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo.CXm. hdoÀ¶m pñWVrMr ‘m{hVr, g§ajU, nyapñWVr, ^yH§$n,
XaS> H$mogiUo ¶mgma»¶m AmnÎmr, Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ-g§nÎmrMm Aä¶mg B.
(4) gm§p»¶H$s¶ ^yJmob (gm§p»¶H$s¶ ^yJmob (gm§p»¶H$s¶ ^yJmob (gm§p»¶H$s¶ ^yJmob (gm§p»¶H$s¶ ^yJmob ( Quantitative Geography )-)-)-)-)- ¶m emIoV ^yJmobmÀ¶m
Aä¶mgmV J{UV d g§»¶memñÌmMr ‘XV KoVbr OmVo. ˶m‘wio ‘m{hVrMo
{díbofU AMyH$VoZo d n[aUm‘H$maH$ [aVrZo H$aUo e³¶ hmoVo. g§emoYZmV ‘XV hmoVo.
(5) Amamo½¶ ^yJmob Amamo½¶ ^yJmob Amamo½¶ ^yJmob Amamo½¶ ^yJmob Amamo½¶ ^yJmob (((((Geography of Health )))))-----Amamo½¶, {d{dY AmOma, ˶m§Mo
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(6) n¶m©daUr¶ ^yJmob-n¶m©daUr¶ ^yJmob-n¶m©daUr¶ ^yJmob-n¶m©daUr¶ ^yJmob-n¶m©daUr¶ ^yJmob-àmH¥${VH$ n¶m©daU d ‘mZd{Z{‘©V n¶m©daU ¶m§Mm n[aUm‘
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¶m©daUmda hmoVmo. ˶m‘wio àXyfUmgma»¶m J§^ra g‘ñ¶mhr {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
¶mMm Aä¶mg n¶m©daU ^yJmobmV H$aVmV.
(7) ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr àUmbr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr àUmbr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr àUmbr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr àUmbr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr àUmbr GIS)))))----- ¶m‘ܶo O‘rZ, nmUr ¶mdarb gmYZg§nÎmr d
‘mZdr ì¶dgm¶ ¶m~ÔbMr àM§S> ‘m{hVr H$m°å߶wQ>aÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo EH$Ì gmR>dyZ ˶m
‘m{hVrMo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. ho H$aʶmgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ H$m°å߶wQ>a ˶mbm
bmJUmar AmkmàUmbr (Software ) d m n a b r O m V o . ¶ m ‘ Ü ¶ o ‘ m { h V r g m R > d y Z , Ë ¶ m M o
{díbofU H$ê$Z dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. GIS M m d m n a A m O { d { d Y à H $ m a À ¶ m
gmYZg§nÎmrMo {Z¶moOZ, n¶m©daU ajU, g§dY©Z, XiUdiU, g§ajU d {Z¶moOZmV
‘moR²>¶m à‘mUmda Ho$bm OmVmo.
Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
3. àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmÀ¶m {d{dY emIm§Mr MMm© H$am.
4. ‘mZdr ^yJmobmÀ¶m {d{dY emIm§Mr MMm© H$am.
5. g§¶w³V ^yJmobmÀ¶m {d{dY emIm§Mr MMm© H$am.
1.51.51.51.51.5KQ>H$m§Mo àmXo{eH$ {dVaUKQ>H$m§Mo àmXo{eH$ {dVaUKQ>H$m§Mo àmXo{eH$ {dVaUKQ>H$m§Mo àmXo{eH$ {dVaUKQ>H$m§Mo àmXo{eH$ {dVaU
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdarb gd© KQ>H$m§Mo {dVaU g‘mZ Pmbobo Zmhr. H$mhr {R>H$mUr
{d{eîQ> KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr ˶m§Mm A^md AgVmo. CXm. dmiyÀ¶m
AmH¥$Vr 1.9: à`m©daUr«` ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.9: à`m©daUr«` ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.9: à`m©daUr«` ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.9: à`m©daUr«` ^yJmobAmH¥$Vr 1.9: à`m©daUr«` ^yJmobnmUdZñnVrnmUdZñnVrnmUdZñnVrnmUdZñnVrnmUdZñnVr_mgo_mgo_mgo_mgo_mgogy`©àH$megy`©àH$megy`©àH$megy`©àH$megy`©àH$meT>JT>JT>JT>JT>Jnjnjnjnjnjr
I{ZOoI{ZOoI{ZOoI{ZOoI{ZOoàmUràmUràmUràmUràmUrnd©Vnd©Vnd©Vnd©Vnd©V
PmS>oPmS>oPmS>oPmS>oPmS>oCVmaCVmaCVmaCVmaCVma
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Q>oH$S>¶m dmid§Q>mV d g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mOdi AmT>iVmV. H$moigm JmimÀ¶m IS>H$m§V
AmT>iVmo. CÀM {ejU XoUmè¶m g§ñWm, CÎm‘ d¡ÚH$s¶ gw{dYm ‘moR¶m ehamV
AmT>iVmV. eyݶmnojm H$‘r Vmn‘mZ Agboë¶m {R>H$mUr {h‘ZÚm/{h‘ AmT>iVo. I{ZOo
ImUrV AmT>iVmV Va eoVr d dZo AZwHy$b àXoem§V AmT>iVmV.
^yJmobVk {d{dY KQ>H$m§À¶m àmXo{eH$ {dVaUmMm Aä¶mg H$aVmV. CXm. bmoH$g§»¶m
H$moR>o A{YH$ Amho d H$m? ¶mbmM àmXo{eH$ {díbofU (Spatial Analysis) A g o
g§~moYbo OmVo.
n¥Ïdrdarb {d{dY KQ>H$ Xe©{dʶmgmR>r ^yJmobVk ZH$mem§Mm dmna H$aVmV. ¶m‘wio
KQ>H$m§Mr XmQ>r Pmbobo àXoe d KQ>H$m§§Mm A^md AgUmao àXoe ¶m§À¶m‘Yrb ’$aH$ bJoM
bjmV ¶oVmo. hm ’$aH$ H$m Amho ho ^yJmobVk emoYʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVmV.
ZH$memÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo Agm Aä¶mg H$aUo gmono hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 1.11: _mZd {Z{_©V KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.11: _mZd {Z{_©V KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.11: _mZd {Z{_©V KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.11: _mZd {Z{_©V KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.11: _mZd {Z{_©V KQ>H$
AmH¥$Vr 1.10: Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.10: Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.10: Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.10: Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$AmH¥$Vr 1.10: Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$hdmhdmhdmhdmhdmdmamdmamdmamdmamdmamgy`©gy`©gy`©gy`©gy`©
nd©Vnd©Vnd©Vnd©Vnd©V
_¡XmZ_¡XmZ_¡XmZ_¡XmZ_¡XmZCOoS>COoS>COoS>COoS>COoS>T>JT>JT>JT>JT>J
Vmn_mZVmn_mZVmn_mZVmn_mZVmn_mZ
dZñnVrdZñnVrdZñnVrdZñnVrdZñnVr
O_rZO_rZO_rZO_rZO_rZ nmUrnmUrnmUrnmUrnmUr
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Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
6. "KQ>H$m§Mo àmXo{eH$ {dVaU' åhUOo H$m¶ Vo {d{dY CXmhaUmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ñnîQ>
H$am.
1.61.61.61.61.6àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmMo ‘hËdàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmMo ‘hËdàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmMo ‘hËdàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmMo ‘hËdàmH¥${VH$ ^yJmobmMo ‘hËd
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdarb {d{dY KQ>H$m§À¶m {dVaUmMm Aä¶mg ^yJmobmV Ho$bm
OmVmo. ^yJmobmMm g§~§Y Amnë¶m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV gVV ¶oV AgVmo. gH$mir AmnU
dV©‘mZnÌ dmMVmo ˶mV {d{dY {R>H$mUr KS>boë¶m KQ>Zm§À¶m ~mVå¶m AgVmV. ~mV‘r
-NEWS hm eãXM
N - Nort E - East
W - West S - South
¶m Mma à‘wI {Xem§À¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ ~Zbm Amho. {Xem, ñWmZ, A§Va ¶m§Mmhr
g§~§Y gVV ¶oVmo. ˶mgmR>r AmnU ZH$mem§Mm dmna H$aVmo. ^yJmobmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmVyZ
Amnë¶mbm ZH$mem dmMZ H$go H$amdo, EImXo ñWmZ, n¶©Q>Z ñWi H$moU˶m {Xeobm
d {H$Vr A§Vamda Amho VgoM VoWo OmʶmgmR>r H$moUVo dmhVyH$-‘mJ© CnbãY AmhoV
ho g‘OVo. V§ÌkmZmVrb àJVr‘wio AmVm B§Q>aZoQ> H$m°å߶wQ>a d ‘mo~mB©b dahr ZH$meo
CnbãY AmhoV. GPS À¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ (GPS - Global Positioning System) AmnU
gܶm Á¶m {R>H$mUr AmhmoV Vo ñWmZ d g^modVmbMm àXoe, ˶mVrb ‘mJ© Xe©{dbo
OmVmV. ˶mÀ¶m AmYmao Amnë¶mbm BpÀN>V ñWir nmohmoMUo ghO e³¶ hmoVo.
AmnU ghbrgmR>r {ZgJ©aå¶ {R>H$mUr OmVmo ˶m {R>H$mUr AgUmar ^ì¶ ^yéno
nmhÿZ W³H$ hmoVmo. nU hr ^yéno H$er V¶ma Pmbr ho Amnë¶mbm ^yJmobmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmVyZ
g‘OVo. AmnU Amnë¶m ghH$mè¶m§Zm ˶m~ÔbMr ‘m{hVr XoD$Z {Q´>n‘ܶo "{hamo' ~Zy
eH$Vmo. ¶m emór¶ ‘m{hVr{edm¶ gw§Xa n¶©Q>Z ñWi nhmUo åhUOo Amnë¶mbm Z
H$iUmè¶m ^mfoVrb gw§Xa {MÌnQ> nhmʶmgmaIoM Amho.
AmO OmJ{VH$ Vmn‘mZ dmT>rMr MMm© gd©Ì gwé Amho. hdm d hdm‘mZ ¶m§À¶m
Aä¶mgmVyZ {‘iy eH$Vo. OmJ{VH$ Vmn‘mZ {Z¶§ÌU, n¶m©daU g§dY©Z ¶mgmR>r AmnU
hmV^ma bmdy eH$Vmo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVhr ¶mMm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo. g‘Om Amnë¶mbm
~gZo CÎmaoÀ¶m {Xeobm Om¶Mo Amho Va ~gÀ¶m COì¶m ~mOyH$S>rb (nyd}À¶m) {IS>H$sVyZ
CZ ¶oB©b d S>mì¶m ~mOybm gmdbr Agob. ¶mÀ¶m AmYmao Amnë¶mbm H$moU˶m
~mOybm ~g‘ܶo ~gm¶Mo Amho Vo R>a{dVm ¶oB©b (CÝhmiçmV S>mdrH$S>o gmdbrV d
{hdmiçmV COdrH$S>o)
^yJmobmÀ¶m {dÚm϶mªZm AZoH$ joÌmV g§Yr AmhoV. ¶m {df¶mV gd©M {df¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoV Agë¶mZo ñnYm© narjm§gmR>r ^yJmobmMm Aä¶mg ‘hÎdmMm R>aVmo. ˶mMà‘mUo
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^yJmobmM {dÚm϶mªZm Iyn g§Yr AmhoV. ˶mMà‘mUo n¶©Q>Z, ZmJar àmXo{eH$ {Z¶moOZ
{ejU Aer AZoH$ joÌo ^yJmobmÀ¶m {dÚm϶mªZm Iwbr AmhoV.
1.7 n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm1.7 n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm1.7 n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm1.7 n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm1.7 n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm
n¥Ïdrdarb H$mhr ^yéno n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb hmbMmbr‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobr
AgVmV, d ˶m‘wio n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VJ©V aMZoMr ‘m{hVr KoUo A˶mdí¶H$ Amho.
n¥ÏdrMr {ÌÁ¶m 6,371 {H$.‘r Amho. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VJ©V aMZoMo 3 à‘wI ^mJ nwT>rbà‘mUo
AmhoV
1)^yH$dM (Crust) 2)‘ܶ^mJ (Mantle)
3)Jm^m (Core) : A) ~mø Jm^m (Outer Core)
~) A§VJ©V Jm^m (Inner Core)
1)^yH$dM ^yH$dM ^yH$dM ^yH$dM ^yH$dM (Crust) … n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VJ©V aMZoMm hm gdmªV ~mhoaMm ^mJ. AmnU
^yH$dMmda ahmVmo. nd©V, nR>mao, ‘¡XmZo, ZÚm, Vir, g‘wÐ d ‘hmgmJa Ago {d{dY
^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$ ^yH$dMmda AmT>iVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 1.13 ^yH$dMmdarb ^yénoAmH¥$Vr 1.13 ^yH$dMmdarb ^yénoAmH¥$Vr 1.13 ^yH$dMmdarb ^yénoAmH¥$Vr 1.13 ^yH$dMmdarb ^yénoAmH¥$Vr 1.13 ^yH$dMmdarb ^yéno
AmH¥$Vr 1.12 - n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZmAmH¥$Vr 1.12 - n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZmAmH¥$Vr 1.12 - n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZmAmH¥$Vr 1.12 - n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZmAmH¥$Vr 1.12 - n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm
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^yH$dMmMr OmS>r gw‘mao 30 {H$.‘r. AgyZ hm Wa BVa Wam§À¶m ‘mZmZo IynM
nmVi Amho. CXm. CH$S>bobo A§S> AmnU H$mnbo Va ˶m A§S>çmÀ¶m
H$dMmà‘mUo ^yH$dM AgVo. A§S>çmÀ¶m AmVrb g’o$X ^mJ n¥ÏdrÀ¶m mgmaIm
d {ndim ^mJ n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mgma»¶m Agob.
^yH$dMmMm daMm ^mJ SIAL (SI Silica Al, Aluminim) h m V w b Z m Ë ‘ H $ [ a Ë ¶ m
hb³¶m KQ>H$m§Zr {Z‘m©U Pmbm Amho. A°ë¶w{‘{Z¶‘, nmoQ>°{e¶‘ d gmo{S>¶‘ ¶m§Mo
{g{bHo$Q> ¶m WamV ‘w~bH$ à‘mUmV AmT>iVmV. ^yI§S> {g¶mbMo ~Zbo
AmhoV. ¶m WamMr KZVm gw‘mao 2.78 J«°‘/go‘r3 A m h o .
1.14 ^yH$dMmMm Wa1.14 ^yH$dMmMm Wa1.14 ^yH$dMmMm Wa1.14 ^yH$dMmMm Wa1.14 ^yH$dMmMm Wa
‘hmgmJam§Mo Vi gr‘m (SIMA) ¶ m A { Y H $ K Z V o À ¶ m Ð ì ¶ m Z o ~ Z b o A m h o V .
(SIMA SI Silica- MA Magnesium)
"gr‘m' hm Wa "{g¶mb À¶m Imbr AmT>iVmo. ¶m WamMr KZVm gw‘mao 3.09
J«°‘/go.‘r.' Amho. ‘°J«o{e¶‘, H°$b{e¶‘ d bmohmMo {g{bHo$Q>g ¶m WamV
AmT>iVmV. ¶m WamV AmT>iUmam "‘°½‘m' Ádmbm‘wIr¶ CÐH$mÀ¶m doir
^yn¥îR>mda ¶oVmo Voìhm ˶mbm "bmìhm' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
^yH$dM d ˶mImbrb Wa "‘ܶ^mJ' (Mantle) ¶ m V r b g r ‘ m a o f m ‘ m o h m o { d b J V m
(Mobo discontinuity) q H $ d m ‘ m o h m o a m o p ì h { g H $ { d b J V m (Mohorovicic Dis-
continuity) ¶ m Z m d m Z o A m o i I b m O m V m o .
2) ‘ܶ^mJ ‘ܶ^mJ ‘ܶ^mJ ‘ܶ^mJ ‘ܶ^mJ (Mantle) … h m W a ^ y H $ d M A m { U J m ä ¶ m À ¶ m ‘ Ü ¶ o A m T > i V m o .
^yH$dMmnmgyZ gw‘mao 2900 {H$.‘r Imobrn¶ªV ‘ܶ^mJ AmT>iVmo. ¶m WamV
Imob OmVmZm Vmn‘mZ d KZVm dmT>V OmVmV. bmoh d ‘°½Zo{e¶‘ ¶m§Zr g‘¥Õ
Aer {g{bHo$Q> I{ZOo ¶m WamV AmT>iVmV. ‘ܶ^mJ d Jm^m ¶m§À¶m‘Yrb
gr‘aofm "JwQ>oZ~J© {dbJVm' (Gutenberg Discontinuity) ¶m ZmdmZo
AmoiIbr OmVo.
3) n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m …n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m …n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m …n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m …n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m … gw‘mao 2900 {H$.‘r. ImobrVyZ n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ‘ܶ^mJmn¶ªV
(6371 {H$.‘r.) n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m AmT>iVmo. Jmä¶mMo XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV Ago
‘mZVmV.
‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa
gr‘mgr‘mgr‘mgr‘mgr‘m{g¶mb{g¶mb{g¶mb{g¶mb{g¶mb
‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa‘hmgmJa
‘ܶ^mJ‘ܶ^mJ‘ܶ^mJ‘ܶ^mJ‘ܶ^mJ(((((SIAL)
(((((SIMA)^wI§S>^wI§S>^wI§S>^wI§S>^wI§S>
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A)~møJm^m ~møJm^m ~møJm^m ~møJm^m ~møJm^m (Outer Core) … ‘ܶ^mJmnmgyZ gw‘mao 5100 {H$.‘r. Imobrn¶ªV
~)A§VJ©V Jm^m A§VJ©V Jm^m A§VJ©V Jm^m A§VJ©V Jm^m A§VJ©V Jm^m (Inner Core) … gw‘mao 5100 {H$.‘r. ImobrnmgyZ n¥ÏdrÀ¶m
‘ܶmn¶ªV gw‘mao 6371 {H$.‘r. Imobrn¶ªV A§VJ©V Jm^m AmT>iVmo. àM§S>
Xm~m‘wio A§VJ©V Jm^m KZpñWVrV Agmdm Ago ‘mZVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 1.15 … {dbJVm Am{U Jm^mAmH¥$Vr 1.15 … {dbJVm Am{U Jm^mAmH¥$Vr 1.15 … {dbJVm Am{U Jm^mAmH¥$Vr 1.15 … {dbJVm Am{U Jm^mAmH¥$Vr 1.15 … {dbJVm Am{U Jm^m
Mw§~H$gyMrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo AmnU CÎma {Xem R>adVmo, H$maU n¥Ïdrbm ñdV…Mo
Mw§~H$s¶ joÌ Amho d ˶mMm à^md Mw§~H$gyMrda hmoVmo. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶m‘ܶo bmoh
g‘¥Õ I{ZOo Agë¶m‘wioM n¥Ïdrbm Mw§~H$s¶ joÌ àmá Pmbo Amho. n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m
{ZHo$b (Nickel) d bmoh (Ferrous) I{ZOm§nmgyZ ~Zbm Amho Ago ‘mZVmV.
˶m‘wio n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mbm Zr’o$ (Nife) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. (Ni Nickel. fe Ferrium)
n¥Ïdrda ‘w~bH$ à‘mUmV AmT>iUmè¶m OS>, A{YH$, KZVoÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Zr -
{ZHo$b d bmoI§S> ¶m§Zr Jm^m V¶ma Pmbm Amho.
Jmä¶mMr KZVm 10J«°‘/go‘r3 nojm OmñV Amho Ago ‘mZVmV.
n¥ÏdrMr gamgar KZVm 5.5 J«°‘/go‘r3 Amho nU n¥Ïdrda (^yH$dMmda) AmT>iUmè¶m
IS>H$m§Mr KZVm gw‘mao 2.7 J«°‘/go‘r3 A m T > i V o . ¶ m M m A W © ^ y H $ d M m M r K Z V m
gamgar KZVonojm H$‘r Amho. (5.5-2.7 = 2.8) ^yH$dMmMr KZVm gamgar
KZVonojm H$‘r Agë¶m‘wio Ambobr VyQ> Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr ^éZ H$mT>br Jobr VaM
gamgar KZVm 5.5 J«°‘/go‘r3 ¶oB©b. ¶m‘wioM Jmä¶mMr KZVm gamgarnojm OmñV
AgyZ Jm^m {ZHo$b d bmoI§S> ¶m KQ>H$m§Zr ~Zbm Amho Ago ‘mZVmV.
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n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMr KZVm OmñV H$m Agmdr ho g‘OyZ KoʶmgmR>r nwT>rb CXmhaU
nmhm.
x y
10 5
+ 10 + 10
+ 10 + 15
EHy$U = 30 = 30
gamgar 30 3033==
= 10= 10
darb CXmhaUmV x ‘ܶo gd© g§»¶mMo ‘yë¶ gmaIoM åhUOo "10' Amho.
˶m‘wio gamgar 10 Amho Va y CXmhaUmV n{hë¶m g§»¶oMo ‘yë¶ gamgarnojm H$‘r
Amho d {Vgè¶m g§»¶oMo ‘yë¶ gamgarnojm OmñV Amho. ˶m‘wio gamgar 10 Amho.
¶mMà‘mUo ^yH$dMmVrb IS>H$m§Mr KZVm H$‘r Agbr Var hr VyQ> Jmä¶mVrb KQ>H$m§Zr
^éZ H$mT>br Agë¶m‘wio n¥ÏdrMr gamgar KZVm 5.5 J°«‘/go‘r3 Amho Va Jmä¶mMr
KZVm 10J«°‘/go‘r3 nojm OmñV Amho Ago ‘mZVmV.
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ …n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ …n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ …n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ …n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ …
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ àM§S> Amho Ago ‘mZVmV. AmnU ^yn¥îR>mH$Sy>Z n¥ÏdrÀ¶m
Jmä¶mH$S>o OmD$ bmJbo H$s Vmn‘mZmV dmT> hmoV OmVo. gmYmaUV… à˶oH$ 32 ‘rQ>g©
Imobrda Vmn‘mZ 10 gopëg¶‘Zo dmT>Vo.
AmH¥$Vr 1.16… n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZAmH¥$Vr 1.16… n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZAmH¥$Vr 1.16… n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZAmH¥$Vr 1.16… n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZAmH¥$Vr 1.16… n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ
AmH¥$VrdéZ Ago bjmV ¶oVo H$s n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMo Vmn‘mZ 50000 gopëg¶gnojm
OmñV Agmdo bmoI§S>, A°ë¶w{‘{Z¶‘, Vm§~o, Q>§JñQ>Z ¶m gd©M YmVy§Mo {db¶q~Xÿ
(Melting point) 50000 g|. nojm H$‘r AmhoV. ¶m‘wioM AmnU n¥ÏdrMm ~mø Jm^m
hm Ðd pñWVrV Amho Ago ‘mZVmo. (àM§S> Xm~m‘wio n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V Jm^m hm KZpñWVrV
Agmdm Ago ‘mZVmV.)
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Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
7. gw~H$ AmH¥$VrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm ñnîQ> H$am.
8. n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m Ðd pñWVrV Amho Ago H$m ‘mZbo OmVo ?
9. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jmä¶mMr KZVm OmñV Amho Ago Vwåhmbm H$m dmQ>Vo Vo ñnîQ> H$am.
10. Q>rnm Úm.
(A) ^yH$dM (crust )
(~) n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m
(H$) {g¶mb d gr‘m1.8
1.81.81.81.81.8^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar …
^yH§$nbhar n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§Va§Jm~Ôb Cn¶w³V ‘m{hVr XoVmV. ^yH§$nmÀ¶mdoir doJdoJiçm
àH$maÀ¶m ^yH§$n bhar {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. àmW{‘H$ bhar ('P' waves) {ÛVr¶H$ bhar
('S' waves) d n¥îR>r¶ bhar ('L' waves) ¶m à˶oH$ ^yH§$n bharMr hmbMmb doJdoJiçm
àH$mao hmoVo Am{U ˶m‘wioM ˶m§Mo JwUY‘© doJdoJio AmhoV. CXm. 'P' bhar Ðd
KQ>H$m§VyZ OmD$ eH$VmV. nU 'S' bhar Ðd KQ>H$m§V emofë¶m OmVmV.
A) 'P' bhar-àmW{‘H$ bharbhar-àmW{‘H$ bharbhar-àmW{‘H$ bharbhar-àmW{‘H$ bharbhar-àmW{‘H$ bhar … ¶m bhar gai aofoV àdmg H$aVmV. ¶m§Mm doJ
gmYmaUV… Xa goH§$Xmbm 12 {H$.‘r. AgVmo. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§Va§JmVrb KZ d Ðd
KQ>H$m§VyZ ¶m bhar àdmg H$é eH$VmV. ^yH§$n Pmë¶mda ^yH§$n-‘mnZ ¶§Ìmda
¶m bhatMr Zm|X gd©àW‘ hmoVo ¶m‘wio ¶m bhatZm "àmW{‘H$' bhar Ago
g§~moYbo OmVo.
~) 'S' bhar-{ÛVr¶H$ bharbhar-{ÛVr¶H$ bharbhar-{ÛVr¶H$ bharbhar-{ÛVr¶H$ bharbhar-{ÛVr¶H$ bhar … ¶m ^yH§$n bhar àmW{‘H$ bhatnojm hiy OmVmV
H$maU ˶m ZmJ‘moS>r (gmnmgma»¶m) hmbMmb H$arV nwT>o gaH$VmV. ¶m bhar
KZ KQ>H$m§VyZ OmD$ eH$VmV ‘mÌ ¶m Ðd KQ>H$m§V emofë¶m OmVmV. ¶m‘wio ^yH§$n
Pmboë¶m {R>H$mUmÀ¶m à{VgmX ñWmZmda ¶m bhatMr Zm|X hmoV Zmhr.
H$) 'L' waves … ¶m§Zm ^yn¥îR> bhar (Surface waves) qH$dm bìh bhar (Love
waves) Agohr g§~moYbo OmVo- "bìh' ¶m emókmZo ¶m bhatMm emoY bmdbm
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hmoVmo ˶m joÌmVM AmT>iVmV. ˶m Xÿada OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV. ^yH§$n‘mnZ
¶§ÌmÀ¶m (Seismograph) g h m æ ¶ m Z o { d { d Y ^ y H § $ n b h a r O J ^ Z m | X { d ë ¶ m
OmVmV ˶mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmVyZ emókm§Zm n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§Va§Jm~Ôb ‘m{hVr {‘iVo.
1.7AmH¥$Vr 1.17 - ^yH§$n bharAmH¥$Vr 1.17 - ^yH§$n bharAmH¥$Vr 1.17 - ^yH§$n bharAmH¥$Vr 1.17 - ^yH§$n bharAmH¥$Vr 1.17 - ^yH§$n bharmunotes.in

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Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
11. gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo ^yH§$nm~Ôb ‘m{hVr Úm.
12. ^yH§$n bhar ~Ôb ‘m{hVr Úm.
1.9 n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU1.9 n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU1.9 n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU1.9 n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU1.9 n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU
1) n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ Am{U nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU g‘mZ Zmhr. n¥ÏdrMm 29% ^mJ
hm I§S>m§Zr (O{‘ZrZo) ì¶mnbm Amho. Va 71% ^mJmda nmUr (g‘wÐ, ‘hmgmJa
B.) AmT>iVo.
AmH¥$Vr 1.18 … n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.18 … n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.18 … n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.18 … n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.18 … n¥Ïdrdarb O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU
2) O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU CÎma JmobmYmªV gmYmaUV… g‘g‘mZ Amho nU
X{jU JmobmYm©V ‘mÌ Vo A˶§V {df‘ Amho. X{jU JmobmYmªVrb nmʶmMo à‘mU ho
O{‘Zrnojm 15 nQ>tZr OmñV Amho.A
O{‘Z 29%
nmUr 71%CÎma JmobmYmªV
X{jU JmobmYm©VnmUr
nmUrO{‘Z
O{‘Z000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
00000000000000000000
00000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000
0000000000
00000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
0000000000
0000000000000000000000000
0000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
00000
0000000000
00000
0000000000
0000000000000000000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
00000
0000000000{dfwdd¥ËV
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3) ^yI§S>m§À¶m à{VnmX (Antipodal) ñWmZm§da nmUr -(g‘wÐ-‘hmgmJa) AmT>iVo.
AmH¥$Vr 1.19 … à{VnmX [~§Xÿ ñWmZAmH¥$Vr 1.19 … à{VnmX [~§Xÿ ñWmZAmH¥$Vr 1.19 … à{VnmX [~§Xÿ ñWmZAmH¥$Vr 1.19 … à{VnmX [~§Xÿ ñWmZAmH¥$Vr 1.19 … à{VnmX [~§Xÿ ñWmZ
4) CÎma JmobmYm©V g‘erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmV gmYmaUV… (23 ½ C. Vo 66 ½ C.
Ajd¥Îmo) gbJ O‘rZ AmT>iVo.
5) X{jU JmobmYm©V 550 X. Ajd¥ÎmmÀ¶m X{jUog A§Q>m{Q>©H$m I§S>mn¶ªV gd©Ì
nmUr (‘hmgmJa) AmT>iVo.
6) X{jU JmobmYm©V ^yI§S> (O{‘ZrMo ^mJ) Aé§X hmoV Jobobo AmT>iVmV.
7) CÎma JmobmYm©V nyd©-npíM‘ dmhVyH$ d ì¶mnmar ‘mJ© A{YH$ ‘hÎdmMo AmhoV
Va X{jU JmobmYm©V CÎma-X{jU {XeoVrb dmhVyH$‘mJ© A{YH$ ‘hÎdmMo
AmhoV. CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb Q´>mÝg g¡~o[a¶Z aoëd, CÎma n°{g{’$H$ ‘mJ©, Am§VaI§S>rb
A‘o[aH$Z aoëdo d CÎma AQ>bm§{Q>H$ gmJar ‘mJ© ¶m‘wio dmhVyH$ d ì¶mnmamMo
gbJ Omio {Z‘m©U Pmbobo AmT>iVo.
8) X{jUoH$S>rb A§Q>m{Q>©H$m I§S>mbm Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m, X{jU Am{’«$H$m d X{jU A‘o[aHo$À¶m
{XeoV VrZ Q>moHo$ ({dñVm[aV àXoe) {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
9) OJmVrb ~aoMgo à‘wI ^y ^mJ CÎma JmobmYm©V AmhoV. Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m ˶m§À¶m
nmgyZ Xÿa X{jU JmobmYm©V Amho.
10) OJmMr gw‘mao 90% bmoH$g§»¶m CÎma JmobmYm©V EH$dQ>br Amho Am{U åhUyZ
dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU ¶m§Mm {dH$mg CÎma JmobmYmªV A{YH$ Pmbm Amho.
11) CÎma JmobmYm©V ^y^mJ {dñV¥V Agë¶m‘wio I§S>m§À¶m A§VJ©V ^mJVm (CXm.
Am{e¶m), CÝhmiçmVrb Vmn‘mZ d {hdmiçmVrb Vmn‘mZ ¶m‘ܶo Iyn
’$aH$ AmT>iVmo. g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mH$Sy>Z I§S>mÀ¶m A§VJ©V ^mJmV OmVmZm Vmn‘mZ
H$jm dmT>V OmVo. (Vmn‘mZ H$jm åhUOo H$‘mb d {H$‘mZ Vmn‘mZmVrb
’$aH$.)n¥Ïdr
n¥ÏdrMm _Ü`A C
F
B
E
\$ŠV A-B à{VnmX q~Xÿ AmhoV.àem§V _hmgmJa^maV
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12) X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb I§S>m§Mo ^mJ-X.A‘o[aH$m, X. Am{’«$H$m d Am{e¶mMo ^mJ
X{jUoH$S>o {Z‘wiVo hmoV Jobo AmhoV. ˶m‘wio hm ^y^mJ qMMmoim AgyZ Vmo
‘hmgmJam§Zr doT>boë¶m Amho. ¶m‘wio ¶m {R>H$mUr Vmn‘mZ H$jm H$‘r AmT>iVo.
AmH¥$Vr 1.20… O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.20… O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.20… O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.20… O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaUAmH¥$Vr 1.20… O‘rZ d nmUr ¶m§Mo {dVaU
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legce®eer Òeieleer leHeemee :
13. megyekeÀ Deeke=Àl³eeb®³ee meene³³eeves He=LJeerJejerue peceerve Je HeeC³ee®es efJelejCe mHe<ì keÀje.
14. oef#eCe ieesueeOee&le HeeC³ee®es ÒeceeCe peefceveerHes#ee DeefOekeÀ Deens. efJeOeeve mHe<ì keÀje.
15. He=LJeerJejer ue peefceveer®³ee ÒeefleHeeme mLeeveeJej mecegê / cenemeeiej Dee{Uleele. efJeOeeve mHe<ì
keÀje.

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n¥Ïdrdarb ^yénm§Mo dmam nmUr, CîUVm, B˶mXr AZoH$ H$maUm‘wio {dXmaU
hmoVo. IS>H$mMo VwH$S>o hmoVmV d {dñV¥V PrOo‘wio ho VwH$S>o S>m|Ja CVmamdéZ Imbr
JS>JS>V ¶oVmV. ¶m~ÔbMrhr ‘m{hVr Amnë¶mbm ¶m àH$aUmV {‘iob.
2.2 IS>H$ Am{U I{ZOo2.2 IS>H$ Am{U I{ZOo2.2 IS>H$ Am{U I{ZOo2.2 IS>H$ Am{U I{ZOo2.2 IS>H$ Am{U I{ZOo
^yénemómMm Aä¶mg H$arV AgVmZm n¥ÏdrMo H$dM d ˶m‘Yrb nXmWmªMm
Aä¶mg ‘hÎdmMm R>aVmo. gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimV n¥Ïdr Vá dm¶yén hmoVr. gmdH$me
W§S> hmoV OmVmZm ~mhoaMm ^mJ àW‘ W§S> hmoD$Z KZén pñWVr‘ܶo Ambm. ¶m 16
Vo 40 {H$.‘r. OmS>rÀ¶m ~mhoaÀ¶m H${R>U ^mJmbm "{ebmdaU' Ago åhUVmV.
{ebmdaUmMm hm ^mJ {Za{Zamiçm I{OZ Ðì¶mnmgyZ qH$dm IS>H$mnmgyZ ~Zboëmm
Amho. {ebmdaUm§Mr hr ‘m{hVr IS>H$ d I{ZOo ¶m g§ko‘ܶo KoVbr OmVo.
gmYmaU ^yn¥îR>mdarb H${R>U ñdénmVrb XJS>m§Mm g‘mdoe IS>H$ ¶m g§ko‘ܶo
Ho$bm OmVo, ‘mÌ emór¶ ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ IS>H$mMr ì¶m»¶m gm§JV AgVmZm n¥ÏdrÀ¶m
n¥îR>^mJmdarb A{Ve¶ H${R>U Aem XJS>mnmgyZ Vo ‘¥Xÿ Aem ~marH$ aoVr-‘mVrn¶ªV
gd© nXmWm©Mm g‘mdoe IS>H$ ¶m g§ko‘ܶo Ho$bm OmVmo qH$dm ^yn¥îR>mdarb H$moU˶mhr
^ynXmWmªMm Z¡g[J©H$ g§M¶ åhUOo "IS>H$' hmo¶.
IS>H$ ho {d{dY I{ZOm§À¶m {‘lUmnmgyZ ~Zbobo AgVmV. (I{ZOo hr AZoH$
‘ybXì¶m§À¶m g§¶wJmnmgyZ ~Zbobr AgVmV.) H$mhr IS>H$ J«°ZmBQ>gmaIo H${R>U d
hbHo$ AgVmV. H$mhr aoVrà‘mUo ‘¥Xþ AgVmV. H$mhr MwZIS>rgmaIo {daKiUmao,
H$mhr ñboQ>gmaIo A{N>Ð AgVmV Va H$mhr g§J‘adamgmaIo H${R>U M‘H$Umao AgVmV.
doJdoJiçm I{ZO Ðì¶mnmgyZ ho IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m IS>H$m§Mo JwUY‘© ˶m‘ܶo
AgUmè¶m I{ZO Ðì¶mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. ^yH$dMmV AmT>iUmè¶m IS>H$m‘ܶo
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Am°p³gOZ, {g{bH$m°Z, A°ë¶w{‘{ZA‘, bmoI§S>, H°$b{e¶‘ ¶mgmaIr
à‘wI Xhm ‘ybÐì¶o AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. Am°p³gOZ d {g{bH$m°ZMo à‘mU ¶m‘ܶo gdm©{YH$
AgVo. V³Vm ‘ܶo ˶m§Mo {díbofU {Xbo Amho.
H«$.H«$.H«$.H«$.H«$. ‘ybÐì¶o‘ybÐì¶o‘ybÐì¶o‘ybÐì¶o‘ybÐì¶o amg¶{ZH$ gyÌoamg¶{ZH$ gyÌoamg¶{ZH$ gyÌoamg¶{ZH$ gyÌoamg¶{ZH$ gyÌo % à‘mU% à‘mU% à‘mU% à‘mU% à‘mU
1. Am°p³gOZ O 46.60%
2. {g{bH$m°Z Si 27.72%
3. A°ë¶w{‘{ZA‘ Al 8.15%
4. bmoI§S> Fe 5.00%
5. H°$pëe¶‘ Ca 3.63%
6. gmo{S>¶‘ Na 2.83%
7. nmoQ>°{e¶‘ K 2.59%
8. ‘°½Zo{e¶‘ Mg 0.14%
9. hm¶S´>moOZ H 0.4%
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I{ZOo d ˶m§Mo JwUY‘© …I{ZOo d ˶m§Mo JwUY‘© …I{ZOo d ˶m§Mo JwUY‘© …I{ZOo d ˶m§Mo JwUY‘© …I{ZOo d ˶m§Mo JwUY‘© …
IS>H$ ho I{ZOm§Mo ~Zbobo AgVmV Va I{ZOo hr ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m g§¶moJmZo ~Zbobr
AgVmV. I{ZOo hr {ZgJm©V AmT>iUmar Ag|Ðr¶ amgm¶{ZH$ nXmW© AgVmV. ‘ybÐì¶m§À¶m
AUy§nmgyZ Vr ~Zbobr AgVmV. ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zmhr {d{eîQ> AUwaMZm d amgm¶{ZH$
gyÌ AgVo. CXm. ‘ybÐì¶m§À¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ I{ZOo V¶ma hmoVmV. CXm. {g{bH$m
- (³dmQ>©P) - ho I{ZO (SiO = Si + O2) {g{bH$m°Z d Am°p³gOZ ¶m§À¶m
EH$ÌrH$aUmnmgyZ V¶ma Pmbo Amho. I{ZOm§Mr amgm¶{ZH$ KQ>Zm Jw§VmJw§VrMr AgVo.
à˶oH$ I{ZOmbm ˶mMm {d{eîQ> a§J, MH$mH$s, aMZm H${R>UVm B. JwUY‘© AgVmV.
H$mhr I{ZOo ñ’${Q>H$m§Mr ~Zbobr AgVmV. ‘ybÐì¶o {dXçwVrH$aUm‘wio EH$Ì OmoS>br
OmVmV. ¶ ‘ybÐì¶mnmgyZ I{ZO {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Am°p³gOZ, H$m~©Z, {g{bH$m°Z ¶m
‘ybÐì¶mMo à‘mU I{ZOm‘ܶo A{YH$ AmT>iVo. {d{dY ñdénmÀ¶m I{ZOm§À¶m
{‘lUmnmgyZ IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoV AgVo. ˶m‘ܶo AgUmè¶m I{ZOm§daVr ˶m
IS>H$mMm a§J, ñ’${Q>H$ aMZm, H${R>UVm Adb§~yZ AgVo.
H$mhr I{ZOo ‘w~bH$ à‘mU gd©Ì {‘iVmV. Aer I{ZOo "IS>H$ {Z‘m©Êm H$aUmar
I{ZOo' åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVmV. CXm. ³dmQ>©P (JmaJmoQ>rMm XJS>)
H$mhr I{ZOo Xþ{‘©i AgVmV d R>am{dH$ {R>H$mUrM AmT>iVmV. ˶m {R>H$mUr
I{ZOm§À¶m ImUr AgVmV. Aer I{ZOo "Am{W©H$ I{ZOo' åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVmV.
˶m Am{W©H$ I{ZOm§nmgyZ YmVy {‘iVmo ˶m Am{W©H$ I{ZOm§Zm ˶m "YmVyMo I{ZO'
Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. CXm. ~m°³gmB©Q> øm I{ZOmnmgyZ A°ë¶w{‘{Z¶‘ {‘iVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.1 … I{ZOm§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 2.1 … I{ZOm§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 2.1 … I{ZOm§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 2.1 … I{ZOm§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 2.1 … I{ZOm§Mo àH$ma
IS>H$m§Mr dJuH$aU/àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mr dJuH$aU/àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mr dJuH$aU/àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mr dJuH$aU/àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mr dJuH$aU/àH$ma …
n¥ÏdrMr CËnÎmr Pmë¶mZ§Va Vá dm¶yJmobmV AgUmar n¥Ïdr W§S> hmoV OmVmZm
~møH$U gwédmVrbm KZén Pmbo. Vo g§nyU© ~møH$dM {ebmdaU åhUyZ AmoiIbo
OmVo. ¶m H$dMm‘ܶo H$mimZwê$n ~Xb hmoD$Z doJdoJiçm àH$maMo {^Þ JwUY‘m©Mo
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IS>H$ {Z‘m©U Pmbo. CËnÎmr qH$dm {Z{‘©VrZwgma IS>H$mMo nwT>rb VrZ àH$ma gm§{JVbo
OmVmV.
IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma …IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma …
1) A[½ZOݶ IS>H$ - àmW{‘H$ IS>H$ / ‘yb^yV IS>H$ (Igneous Rock/Primary
Rock)
2) ñVarV IS>H$ - ObOݶ IS>H$ (Sedimentary Rock)
3) énm§VarV IS>H$ - Metamorphic Rock
AmH¥$Vr 2.2 … IS>H$ MH«$AmH¥$Vr 2.2 … IS>H$ MH«$AmH¥$Vr 2.2 … IS>H$ MH«$AmH¥$Vr 2.2 … IS>H$ MH«$AmH¥$Vr 2.2 … IS>H$ MH«$
IS>H$ MH«$ IS>H$ MH«$ IS>H$ MH«$ IS>H$ MH«$ IS>H$ MH«$ (Rock Cycle) … … … … …
^yn¥îR>mImbrb ‘°½‘m Ádmbm‘wIrÀ¶m CÐoH$mV ^yn¥îR>mda ¶oVmo. ˶mbm "bmìhm'
Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. bmìhm W§S> hmoD$Z V¶ma hmoUmao IS>H$ Ap½ZOݶ (Ap½Z +
Oݶ - AmJrnmgyZ V¶ma hmoUmao) - IS>H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.
Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo {dXmaU hmoVo. {dXmarV IS>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o ZXr dmhÿZ ZoVo. ¶m
VwH$S>çm§Mm Mwam hmoD$Z ZXrMm Jmi V¶ma hmoVmo. ZXr g‘wÐmV {‘iVo. g‘wÐmÀ¶m
Vimda ZXrZo AmUbobm Jmi gmR>V OmVmo. Wamda Wa gmR>VmV. Wam§Mm d g‘wÐmÀ¶m
nmʶmMm Xm~ nSy>Z JmimMo H$U EH$‘oH$m§Zm {MH$Q>VmV d JmimÀ¶m qH$dm ñV[aV
IS>H$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ^yH$dMmÀ¶m hmbMmbr‘wio JmimMo IS>H$ Imobda OmVmV.
VoWrb àM§S> CîUVm d Xm~ ¶m‘wio JmimÀ¶m IS>H$m§Mo ñdén ~XbVo d ˶m§Mo
énm§VarV IS>H$m§V énm§Va hmoVo.
énm§VarV IS>H$ ^yH$dMmÀ¶m hmbMmbt‘wio ^yn¥îR>mda ¶oVmV qH$dm Imobda OmD$Z
{dViVmV. ‘°½‘mMm ^mJ ~ZVmV, AemàH$mao IS>H$ MH«$ Mmby ahmVo.
1)1)1)1)1)A[½ZOݶ IS>H$A[½ZOݶ IS>H$A[½ZOݶ IS>H$A[½ZOݶ IS>H$A[½ZOݶ IS>H$ (Igneous Rock)
A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb Vá nXmWmªnmgyZ ho IS>H$ {Z‘m©U Pmbobo AgVmV. ˶m‘wio
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˶m§Zm Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo. n¥ÏdrMr CËnÎmr Pmbr Voìhm n¥Ïdr Vá dm¶yJmobmÀ¶m
ñdénmV hmoVr. n¥ÏdrMo ~møH$dM W§S> hmoD$Z KZén ~Zbo. hm g§nyU© ~møH$dMmMm
KZén ^mJ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m‘ܶo g‘m{dîQ> hmoVmo. Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ {Z{‘©VrMr à{H«$¶m
AmOhr gwé AgyZ A§Va§JmVrb Vá nXmW© ^yn¥îR>mdaVr ¶oD$Z qH$dm ^yH$dMmImbr
W§S> hmoD$Z ˶mnmgyZ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ˶m IS>H$mÀ¶m ñWmZmdéZ
˶mMo XmoZ àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. nwT>rb V³Ë¶m‘ܶo ‘ܶo A{Z©{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMo
àH$ma {Xbo AmhoV.
A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ m M o à H $ m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ m M o à H $ m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ m M o à H $ m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ m M o à H $ m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ m M o à H $ m a
↓ ↓
A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ ~mø{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$~mø{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$~mø{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$~mø{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$~mø{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$
↓ ↓
1. ~°Wmo{bW Ádmbm‘wIr¶ IS>H$
2. b°H$mo{bW
3. S>mB©H$
4. ñQ>m°H$
5. grb/{eQ>h
A)A)A)A)A) A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A§V{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …
H$mhr doim ^yJ^m©Vrb Vá "bmìhmag' daVr ¶oV AgVmZm ^yH$dM H${R>U
Agë¶mg Vmo ^yn¥îR>mdaVr Vmo ¶oVmo A§VJ©V ^mJmVm {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m nmoH$ir ‘ܶo
W§S> hmoD$Z ˶mnmgyZ {d{dY AmH$mamÀ¶m IS>H$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ^yH$dMmImbr ho
IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoV Agë¶mZo ¶m§Zm A§V{Z©{‘©V "Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$' åhQ>bo OmVo qH$dm
ho Imobrda {Z‘m©U hmoV Agë¶mZo ¶m§Zm "nmVm{bH$ IS>H$' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. A§VJ©V
^mJmV ho IS>H$ gmdH$me W§S> hmoV Agë¶mZo ¶m§Mo ñ’${Q>H$ AmH$maMo ‘moR>o AgVmV.
¶m IS>H$mÀ¶m doJdoJiçm AmH$mamZwgma/aMZoZwgma ˶m§Zm {d{dY Zmdo {Xbr OmVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 2.3 …Ádmbm‘wIr d Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.3 …Ádmbm‘wIr d Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.3 …Ádmbm‘wIr d Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.3 …Ádmbm‘wIr d Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.3 …Ádmbm‘wIr d Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$
bmìhmbmìhmbmìhmbmìhmbmìhmA{¾OÝ` IS>H$A{¾OÝ` IS>H$A{¾OÝ` IS>H$A{¾OÝ` IS>H$A{¾OÝ` IS>H$
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1.~°Wmo{bW Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~°Wmo{bW Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~°Wmo{bW Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~°Wmo{bW Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~°Wmo{bW Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ … ^yH$dMmImbr A[YH$ Imobrda bmìhmagmnmgyZ
AdmT>ì¶ AmH$mamÀ¶m Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. Amo~S>Ymo~S> ñdénmÀ¶m
Aem IS>H$m§Zm ~°Wm{bW~°Wm{bW~°Wm{bW~°Wm{bW~°Wm{bW åhQ>bo OmVo. H$mhr doim daVr ~mOyÀ¶m ^yn¥îR>mMr
PrO Pmë¶mg Vo {Xgy eH$VmV. nd©Vr¶ àXoemV A{YH$ Imobr daVr ho
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV.
2.b°H$mo{bW …b°H$mo{bW …b°H$mo{bW …b°H$mo{bW …b°H$mo{bW … ^yn¥îR> mImbr ‘mÌ H$‘r Imobrda ~°Wm°{bW gmaIr aMZm AgUmè¶m
‘mÌ AmH$mamZo bhmZ Aem ^yN>Ìmgma»¶m IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo ˶mbmM
bm°H$mo{bW åhQ>bo OmVo. darb ^mJ Kw‘Q>mH$ma d Vi^mJ gmYmaU gnmQ>
Aem ñdénmMr aMZm AgyZ ^yn¥îR>mMr PrO Pmë¶mg H$mhr doim ho ÑîQ>rg
nS>VmV.
3.S>mB©H$ … S>mB©H$ … S>mB©H$ … S>mB©H$ … S>mB©H$ … Á¶mdoir A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb Vá bmìhmag ^yn¥îR>mImbr {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m
Cä¶m nmoH$ir ‘ܶo W§S> hmoD$Z q^VrgmaIo Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV
˶m§Zm "S>mB©H$' åhQ>bo OmVo. A{Z¶{‘V é§XMo d C§MrMo Ago S>mB©H$ n¥Ïdr
A§Va§Jm‘ܶo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {Z‘m©U Pmbobo AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. ~XbmnyaOdi
ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmV S>mB©H$ AmT>iVmo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.4 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (aMZmZwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.4 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (aMZmZwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.4 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (aMZmZwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.4 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (aMZmZwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.4 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (aMZmZwgma)
4.ñQ>m°H$ …ñQ>m°H$ …ñQ>m°H$ …ñQ>m°H$ …ñQ>m°H$ … ^yJ^m©Vrb bmìhmag daVr ¶oV AgVmZm IS>H$m§‘ܶo {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m
Cä¶m nmoH$ir‘ܶo W§S> hmoVmo ˶mMm darb ^mJ ’w$Jra JmobmH$ma ñdénmV
{Z‘m©U hmoVmo hr aMZm "ñQ>m°H$' åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. nd©Vr¶ àXoemV Aer
aMZm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
5.grb … grb … grb … grb … grb … A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb Vá bmìhmag daVr ¶oV AgVmZm ^yn¥îR>mbm AmS>ì¶m
nmVirV {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m nmoH$irV Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ˶mbm
"grb' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
~) ~[h©{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~) ~[h©{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~) ~[h©{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~) ~[h©{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~) ~[h©{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …
A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb Vá bmìhmag Ádmbm‘wIr CÐoH$mÛmao ^yn¥îR>mda ¶oD$Z W§S>
hmoVmo d ˶mnmgyZ IS>H$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ho IS>H$ ~mø n¥îR> ^mJmda {Z‘m©U hmoV
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Agë¶mZo ˶m§Zm ~{h©{Z{‘©V Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo.
¶m IS>H$m§Vrb ñ’${Q>H$ A˶§V gyú‘ AgVmV H$maU ^yn¥îR>mdarb bmìhm ObX
JVrZo W§S> hmoVmo.
a m g m ¶ { Z H $ J w U Y ‘ m © Z w g m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ à H $ m a … a m g m ¶ { Z H $ J w U Y ‘ m © Z w g m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ à H $ m a … a m g m ¶ { Z H $ J w U Y ‘ m © Z w g m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ à H $ m a … a m g m ¶ { Z H $ J w U Y ‘ m © Z w g m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ à H $ m a … a m g m ¶ { Z H $ J w U Y ‘ m © Z w g m a A p ½ Z O Ý ¶ I S > H $ à H $ m a …
1) A°{gS> Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ - AmåbY‘u - KQ²>Q>
2) ~o{gH$ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ - AëH$Y‘u - nmVi
b m ì h m a g m ‘ Ü ¶ o { d { d Y à H $ m a M r I { Z O o A g V m V . { g { b H $ m , A ° ë ¶ w { ‘ { Z A ‘ , { Z H o $ b ,
‘°½Zo{eA‘ ¶m gma»¶m I{ZO Ðì¶m‘ܶo ˶mÀ¶ à‘mUmZwgma amgm¶{ZH$ JwU‘Ym©Zwgma
Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo XmoZ àH$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.5 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (KQ>H$m§Zwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.5 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (KQ>H$m§Zwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.5 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (KQ>H$m§Zwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.5 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (KQ>H$m§Zwgma)AmH¥$Vr 2.5 … Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma (KQ>H$m§Zwgma)
1)A°{gS> Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A°{gS> Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A°{gS> Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A°{gS> Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …A°{gS> Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ … Á¶m bmìhmagm‘ܶo {g{bH$m ¶m KQ>H$Ðì¶mMo à‘mU
OmñV AgVo ˶mbm "A°{gS> bmìhm' åhQ>bo OmVo d ˶mnmgyZ ~Zbobm IS>H$
A°{gS> Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. ¶m‘ܶo 80% n¶ªV {g{bH$mMo
à‘mU AgVo. ¶m‘wio hm bmìhm KQ²>Q> ñdénmMm AgVmo. ^yn¥îR>mdarV Amë¶mZ§Va
¶mÀ¶mnmgyZ OmñV C§MrMo d H$‘r {dñVmamMo bmìhm e§Hy$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
Q>oH$S>çm V¶ma hmoVmV.
2)~o{gH$ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~o{gH$ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~o{gH$ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~o{gH$ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ …~o{gH$ Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ … ¶m bmìhmagm‘ܶo 40% {g{bH$m d ~mH$sMr BVa
I{ZOÐì¶o AgVmV. {g{bH$m H$‘r Agë¶mZo hm bmìhm nmVi ñdénmMm
AgVmo. ¶mbm "~o{gH$ bmìhm' åhQ>bo OmVo. ^yn¥îR>mda Amë¶mZ§Va gd© Xÿa
ngaë¶mZo ¶mnmgyZ H$‘r C§MrMo d OmñV {dñVmamMo IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
~ogmëQ> ho ¶mMo Mm§Jbo CXmhaU Amho. ¶m‘wio nR>mam§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.
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Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …
1) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ ho àmW{‘H$ d ‘yb^yV IS>H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.
2) ho IS>H$ bmìhmagmÀ¶m W§S> hmoʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oZo {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
3) ¶m IS>H$mVrb ñ’${Q>H$m§Mr aMZm ì¶dpñWV ZgVo ¶m‘Yrb H$mhr ñ’${Q>H$
AmH$mamZo ‘moR>o AgVmV.
4) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mV ñVa/Wa ZgVmV ‘mÌ Ë¶m§Zm OmoS> {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
5) ¶m IS>H$m§‘ܶo I{ZOÐì¶o ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AmT>iVmV.
6) ¶m IS>H$m§‘ܶo dZñnVr d àmʶm§Mo Adeof AmT>iVm ZmhrV.
7) ¶m IS>H$m§Mr A{Ve¶ gmdH$me PrO hmoVo.
2)2)2)2)2)ñVarV IS>H/JmimMo IS>H$/ObOݶ IS>HñVarV IS>H/JmimMo IS>H$/ObOݶ IS>HñVarV IS>H/JmimMo IS>H$/ObOݶ IS>HñVarV IS>H/JmimMo IS>H$/ObOݶ IS>HñVarV IS>H/JmimMo IS>H$/ObOݶ IS>H (Sedimentary Rock) ……………
Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmë¶mZ§Va CîUVm, dmam, nmD$g, ZXr, {h‘ZXr,
gmJar bmQ>m, dZñnVr, àmUr qH$dm H$mhr ‘mZdr {H«$¶o‘wio H$m{¶H$ qH$dm amgm¶{ZH$
ñdénmÀ¶m {dXmaUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶m hmoD$Z ‘yi IS>H$m§Mr PrO hmoVo. Vo {dI§S>rV hmoD$Z
˶mnmgyZ aoVr-‘mVrMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ho nXmW© ~mø H$maH$m§À¶m dhZ {H«$¶o‘wio gIb
^mJmH$S>o dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV. ZXr, gamodao, gmJa ¶oWo ¶mMo Wa gmMbo OmVmV. hr
{H«$¶m gVV gwé AgVo. JmimÀ¶m daÀ¶m WamMm d nmʶmMm Xm~ ImbÀ¶m ñVamdaVr
nS>ë¶m‘wio Vo H${R>U hmoVmV d ˶mnmgyZ WamÀ¶m aMZoMo IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
Wam§Mr aMZm Agë¶m‘wio ¶m§Zm "ñVarV IS>H$'"ñVarV IS>H$'"ñVarV IS>H$'"ñVarV IS>H$'"ñVarV IS>H$' åhQ>bo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.6 … JmimMo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.6 … JmimMo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.6 … JmimMo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.6 … JmimMo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.6 … JmimMo IS>H$
dmhÿZ AmUbobo nXmW© JmimÀ¶m ñdénmVrb AgVmV. JmimnmgyZ V¶ma Pmë¶mZo
¶m§Zm JmimMo IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo d gm‘mݶV… ho IS>H$ nmʶm‘ܶo A{YH$ à‘mUmV
V¶ma hmoVmV åhUyZ ˶m§Zm ObOݶ IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo. ho IS>H$ {Z‘©U hmoʶmMr
à{H«$¶m AmOhr gwé Amho. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ~møH$dMm‘ܶo Aem àH$maMo IS>H$ ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmV AmT>iVmV. ˶m§À¶m {Z{‘©Vr déZ ˶m§Mo XmoZ CnàH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV Vo
nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
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A) Ag|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$
~) g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$
A)A)A)A)A)Ag|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$ … Ag|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$ … Ag|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$ … Ag|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$ … Ag|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$ … H$m{¶H$ d amgm¶{ZH $ à{H«$¶o‘wio ‘yi àH$maMr PrO
hmoD$Z ˶mnmgyZ ~marH$ aoVr-‘mVr d IS>H$mMo VwH$S>o {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m
IS>H$m§‘ܶo I{ZOÐì¶o A{YH$ à‘mUmV AmT>iVmV. ¶m aoVr-‘mVrnmgyZ ñVarV
IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m IS>H$m§‘ܶo ‘yi IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© H$mhr doi
VgoM amhVmV Va H$mhr doir ~XbVmV ˶m‘wio {dXmaUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶o‘YyZ
{Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m Aem IS>H$m§Zm Ag|{ж IS>H$ Ago g§~moYbo OmVo ¶mMo
CnàH$ma nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
ñVarV IS>H$/JmimMo/ObOݶ IS>H$mMo àH$mañVarV IS>H$/JmimMo/ObOݶ IS>H$mMo àH$mañVarV IS>H$/JmimMo/ObOݶ IS>H$mMo àH$mañVarV IS>H$/JmimMo/ObOݶ IS>H$mMo àH$mañVarV IS>H$/JmimMo/ObOݶ IS>H$mMo àH$ma
Ag|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$ g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$
H$m{¶H$ à{H«$¶oZo amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo dZñnVrOݶ àmUrOݶ g|Ðr¶
V¶ma hmoUmao V¶ma hmoUmao g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ IS>H$
1) aoVrnmgyZ (g°ÊS>ñQ>moZ) 1) {Oßg‘ 1) H$moigm 1) S>mobmo‘mB©Q>
2) ‘mVrnmgyZ (n§H$mí‘) 2) am°H$ gm°ëQ> 2) XJS>r H$moigm 2) MwZIS>H$
(H°${b¶‘ H$m~m}ZoQ>)
1)H$m{¶H$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao …H$m{¶H$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao …H$m{¶H$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao …H$m{¶H$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao …H$m{¶H$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao … D$Z, dmam, nmD$g, dmhVo nmUr qH$dm H$mhr
‘mZdr à{H«$¶o‘wio ‘yi IS>H$mMr PrO hmoD$Z V¶ma hmoUmè¶m nXmWm©nmgyZ
naV ñVarV IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m‘ܶo ‘yi IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© VgoM
amhVmV. ¶m‘Yrb H$mhr IS>H$ aoVrnmyZ V¶ma hmoVmV. Va H$mhr IS>H$ ‘mVr
qH$dm {MIbmnmgyZ V¶ma hmoVmV.
2)amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao Ag|{ж ñVarV IS>H$ …amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao Ag|{ж ñVarV IS>H$ …amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao Ag|{ж ñVarV IS>H$ …amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao Ag|{ж ñVarV IS>H$ …amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma hmoUmao Ag|{ж ñVarV IS>H$ … ‘yi IS>H$mdaVr {d{dY
àH$maMr dm¶w. dm¶w{‘{lV nmUr, Amåb ¶m§Mr amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶m hmoD$Z
doJiçm JwU‘Ym©Mo nXmW© V¶ma hmoVmV d ¶m nXmWmªÀ¶m g§M¶ZmnmgyZ Oo
IS>H$ V¶ma hmoVmV ˶m§Mm g‘mdoe ¶m àH$mam‘ܶo Ho$bm OmVmo. {Oßg‘, am°H$
gm°ëi hr ¶mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
~) g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$~) g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$~) g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$~) g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$~) g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$
n¥Ïdrdarb dZñnVr, nmUr qH$dm gOrdm§À¶m AdeofmnmgyZ V¶ma hmoUmè¶m
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àmUr A§VJ©V ^mJmV JmS>bo Jobo. ˶m§À¶mdaVr A§Va§JmVrb àM§S> CîUVm d Xm~mMm
n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z H$mbm§VamZo ˶mMo IS>H$m‘ܶo énm§Va Pmbo ˶m§ZmM g|Ðr¶ IS>H$g|Ðr¶ IS>H$g|Ðr¶ IS>H$g|Ðr¶ IS>H$g|Ðr¶ IS>H$
åhQ>bo OmVo. ˶mMo XmoZ CnàH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
1)dZñnVrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …dZñnVrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …dZñnVrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …dZñnVrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …dZñnVrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ … dZñnVr‘ܶo H$m~©ZMo à‘mU A{YH$ AgVo. àmMrZ
H$mir ^yJ^m©Vrb hmbMmbr‘wio ^yn¥îR>mdarb {dñV¥V ñdénmMr O§Jbo ^yJ^m©V
JmS>br Jobr. A§Va§JmVrb àM§S> CîUVm d ^yH$dMmMm Xm~ ¶m‘wio dZñnVr‘Yrb
H$m~©ZMo H$moiem‘ܶo énm§Va Pmbo. hm H$moigm dZñnVrOݶ IS>H$ åhUyZ
AmoiIbm OmVmo. ¶m‘Yrb H$m~©ZÀ¶m à‘mUmZwgma {d{dY àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
AmO AmT>iUmao ~hþVoH$ XJS>r H$moiemMo gmR>o gw‘mao Vrg H$moQ>r dfm©nydu
{Z‘m©U Pmbo AgmdoV Ago ‘mZbo OmVo.
2)àmUrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …àmUrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …àmUrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …àmUrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ …àmUrOݶ g|Ðr¶ IS>H$ … A§VJ©V hmbMmbr‘wio ^yn¥îR>mdarb àmUr A§VJ©V
^mJmV JmS>bo Jobo. Xm~ d CîUVoMm n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo
àmʶm§À¶m A{d{eîQ> ^mJmMo IS>H$m‘ܶo énm§Va Pmbo. ¶m‘ܶo S>mobmo‘mB©Q>,
MwZIS>H$ (H°$pëe¶‘ H$m~m}ZoQ>)ho àH$ma AmT>iVmV.
darb àH$mam ì¶{V[a³V ~mø H$maH$m§À¶m g§M¶Z H$maH$m‘wio H$mhr ñV[aV
IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV ˶mAmYmao ˶m§Mo H$mhr àH$ma gm§{JVbo OmVmV.
1) ObOݶ ñVarV IS>H$
2) dm¶wOݶ ñVarV IS>H$
3) {h‘mZr ñVarV IS>H$
1)ObOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …ObOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …ObOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …ObOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …ObOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ … ZXr qH$dm dmh˶m nmʶm‘wio dmhV Amboë¶m JmimMo
ZXr gamodao qH$dm gmJaVimdaVr gVV g§M¶Z hmoD$Z ñV[aV ñdénmMo IS>H$
{Z‘m©U hmoVmV. nmʶmV ho IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoV Agë¶mZo ¶m§Zm ObOݶ ñVarVObOݶ ñVarVObOݶ ñVarVObOݶ ñVarVObOݶ ñVarV
IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo.
2)dm¶wOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …dm¶wOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …dm¶wOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …dm¶wOݶ ñVarV IS>H$ …dm¶wOݶ ñVarV IS>H $ … dmè¶mÀ¶m IZZ H$m¶m©‘wio IS>H$m§Mr PrO hmoD$Z
PrO Pmbobo nXmW© dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmVmV, Á¶m‘ܶo dmiy, aoVrMo à‘mU
A{YH$ AgVo. OoWo dmè¶mMm doJ H$‘r hmoVmo qH$dm ‘mJm©V AS>Wio ¶oVmV
VoWo ¶m§Mo g§M¶Z hmoVo. hr {H«$¶m gVV hmoV am{hë¶mg VoWo ñV[aV IS>H$mMr
{Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. dmè¶mÀ¶m H$m¶m©‘wio ho IS>H$ {Z‘m©U Pmë¶mZo ˶m§Zm dm¶wOݶdm¶wOݶdm¶wOݶdm¶wOݶdm¶wOݶ
IS>HIS>HIS>HIS>HIS>H$ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
3){h‘mZr ñVarV IS>H$ …{h‘mZr ñVarV IS>H$ …{h‘mZr ñVarV IS>H$ …{h‘mZr ñVarV IS>H$ …{h‘mZr ñVarV IS>H$ … C§M nd©Vr¶ àXoe qH$dm Yw«dr¶ àXoemV {h‘ZXr ~amo~a
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Jmi dmhV ¶oVmo. ¶m JmimMo g§M¶Z {h‘ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmV,
H$S>odaVr qH$dm {h‘ZXrÀ¶m ‘wImOdi gVV hmoV amhVo. ˶m‘wio WamdaVr
Wa gmMyZ ñV[aV IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. {h‘ZXr‘wio ho IS>H$ {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m‘wio
¶m§Zm {h‘mZr ñV[aV IS>H${h‘mZr ñV[aV IS>H${h‘mZr ñV[aV IS>H${h‘mZr ñV[aV IS>H${h‘mZr ñV[aV IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo.munotes.in

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ñV[aV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …ñV[aV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …ñV[aV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …ñV[aV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …ñV[aV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …
1) ñV[aV IS>H$m§Mm gdm©V ‘hÎdmMm JwUY‘© åhUOo ¶m‘ܶo WamMr aMZm AgVo.
2‘ y i I S > H $ m M r P r O h m o D $ b ~ m ø H $ m a H $ m À ¶ m g § M ¶ Z H $ m ¶ m © ‘ w i o h o I S > H $ { Z ‘ m © U
hmoVmV.
3) ¶m IS>H$m§‘ܶo ñ’${Q>H$m§Mr aMZm AmT>iVo ‘mÌ Vo ì¶dpñWV aMZoV ZgVo.
4) BVa IS>H$mnojm ho IS>H$ ‘¥Xþ / ‘D$ AgVmV.
5) ho IS>H$ g{N>Ð Agë¶m‘wio ¶m‘YyZ nmUr nmPaʶmMr à{H«$¶m hmoVo.
6) ¶m IS>H$m‘ܶo AZoH$ àH$maMr I{ZOo AmT>iVmV. ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm doJdoJim
a§J àmá hmoVmo.
7) ¶m IS>H$mMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ço åhUOo ˶mV dZñnVr d àmUrOݶ AdeoîQ>
AmT>iVmV d ˶m AmYmao IS>H$ {Z{‘©VrMm H$mbI§S> g‘Oy eH$Vmo.
8) ¶m IS>H$mMr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV PrO hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.7 … énm§VarV IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.7 … énm§VarV IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.7 … énm§VarV IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.7 … énm§VarV IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 2.7 … énm§VarV IS>H$
3)3)3)3)3)énm§VarV IS>H$ - énm§VarV IS>H$ - énm§VarV IS>H$ - énm§VarV IS>H$ - énm§VarV IS>H$ - (Metamorphic Rock ) …
Ap½ZOݶ qH$dm ñVarV IS>H$mdaVr A§VJ©V qH$dm ~{h©J©V e³VrMm n[aUm‘
hmoD$Z ‘yi IS>H$m§Mr ‘moS>VmoS> Z hmoVm ˶mÀ¶m aMZoV d JwUY‘m©V ~Xb hmoD$Z
doJdoJiçmM JwUY‘m©Mo IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV ˶m§Zm énm§V[aV IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo.
àm‘w»¶mZo CîUVm, Xm~ ¶m‘wio IS>H$mÀ¶m JwUY‘m©V amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo ~Xb
hmoVmV. ho énm§Va àm‘w»¶mZo Ap½ZOݶ - énm§V[aV Vgo ñV[aV-énm§V[aV qH$dm
H$mhr doim énm§VarV IS>H$mMohr nwÝhm énm§Va hmoVo. AmOhr ¶m àH$maÀ¶m IS>H$
{Z{‘©VrMr à{H«$¶m gwé Agbobr AmT>iVo. {Z{‘©VrZwgma ¶mMo XmoZ àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
1) ñne©Oݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$ 2) àmXo{eH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$
1)ñne©Oݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$ñne©Oݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$ñne©Oݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$ñne©Oݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$ñne©Oݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$ … Ádmbm‘wIrMo CÐoH$ hmoV AgVmZm. Ádmbm‘wIr‘YyZ
Vá bmìhmag, amI, dm¶y ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ~mhoa nS>V AgVo. ho Vá nXmW©
Ádmbm‘wIrÀ¶m Z{bHo$‘YyZ ~mhoa nS>V AgVmZm Z{bHo$À¶m g^modVmbÀ¶m
IS>H$mdaVr CîUVoMm n[aUm‘ hmoD$Zo VoWrb ‘yi IS>H$mÀ¶m aMZ‘ܶo, JwUY‘m©‘ܶo
àM§S>àM§S>àM§S>àM§S>àM§S>àM§S>àM§S>àM§S>àM§S>àM§S> Xm~Xm~Xm~Xm~Xm~
énmÝVarVénmÝVarVénmÝVarVénmÝVarVénmÝVarV IS>H$
àM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVm àM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVmàM§S> CîUVm
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~Xb hmoD$Z doJiçm JwUY‘m©Mo IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Vá nXmWmªÀ¶m g§nH$m©‘wio
ho IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoV Agë¶mZo ¶m§Zm ñne©Oݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo.
¶m IS>H$m§Mm {dñVma ‘mÌ ‘¶m©{XV AmT>iVmo.
2)àmXo{eH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$àmXo{eH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$àmXo{eH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$àmXo{eH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$àmXo{eH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$ … nd©V {Z‘m©UH$mar hmbMmbr‘wio qH$dm ^yH$dMmVrb
CbWm-nmbWr‘wio ^yn¥îR>mMm {dñV¥V ^mJ A§Va§JmV JmS>bm OmVmo. A§VJ©V
^mJmVrb àM§S> CîUVm d ~mø H$dMmMm Xm~ ¶m‘wio amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶m
hmoD$Z {dñV¥V ñdénmMm ‘yi IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© ~Xbbo OmVmV. ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm
àmXo{eH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo. ¶m IS>H$m§Mm {dñVma {dñV¥V ñdénmMm
AgyZ XJS>r H$moigm, JmaJmoQ>r, g§J‘ada ¶mgmaIo IS>H$ ¶m à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma
Pmbobo AmT>iVmV.
1) Am¡pîUH$ énm§V[aV IS>H$
2) e³VrOݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$
3) e³Vr d VmnOݶ énm§V[aV IS>H$
‘yi IS>H$ énm§V[aV IS>H$
J«m’$mB©Q> Zrg
dmbwH$m‘¶ ñV[aV JmaJmoQ>r
n§H$mí‘ ñboQ> (nmQ>rMm)
MwZIS>H$ g§Jada/‘m~©b
H$moigm J«m’$mB©Q>
énm§VarV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …énm§VarV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …énm§VarV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …énm§VarV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …énm§VarV IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© …
1) ‘yi IS>H$m§Mr ‘moS>VmoS> Z hmoVm ˶m IS>H$m§‘ܶo {dH¥$Vr {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z énm§V[aV
IS>H$ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
2) ‘yi IS>H$mÀ¶m aMZm d JwUY‘m©‘ܶo ~Xb hmoVmo.
3) ho IS>H$ H${R>U, CîÊm d M‘H$Xma AgVmV.
4) ¶m IS>H$m‘ܶo Wam§Mr aMZm AmT>iV Zmhr.
5) ¶m IS>H$m‘ܶo OmoS> AmT>iVmV.
6) ¶m IS>H$m‘ܶo Ordmí‘ AmT>iV Zmhr, ‘mÌ {d{dY I{ZOo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV
AmT>iVmV.
7) ¶m IS>H$mMr H$m{¶H$ d amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo A{Ve¶ gmdH$m¶ PrO hmoVo.
Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm :Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm :Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm :Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm :Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm :
1) gw~H$ AmH¥$VrÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo IS>H$-MH«$mMr ‘m{hVr Úm.
2) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$er hmoVo?
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4) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mr XmoZ CXmhaUo Úm.
5) JmimÀ¶m IS>H$m§Mr XmoZ CXmhaUo Úm.
6) énm§VarV IS>H$m§Mr XmoZ CXmhaUo Úm.
7) I{ZOm§Mr Cn¶w³VVm ñnîQ> H$am.
8) JmimMo IS>H$ H$moR>o V¶ma hmoVmV? VrZ ñWmZo gm§Jm.
9) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo JwUY‘© gm§Jm.
10)JmimÀ¶m IS>H$m§Mo JwUY‘© gm§Jm.
11)énm§ V[aV IS>H$m§Mo JwUY‘© gm§Jm.
12)Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§À¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
13)JmimÀ¶m IS>H$m§À¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
Q>rnm {bhm …
1) IS>H$ d I{ZOo 2) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$
3) JmimMo IS>H$ 4) énm§V[aV IS>H$
5) ñV[aV IS>H$ 6) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo JwUY‘©
7) JmimÀ¶m IS>H$m§Mo JwUY‘© 8) énm§VarV IS>H$m§Mo JwUY‘©
9) g|Ðr¶ ñVarV IS>H$ 10) Ag|Ðr¶ ñV[aV IS>H$
gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m H$mTy>Z ^mJm§Zm Zmdo Úm.gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m H$mTy>Z ^mJm§Zm Zmdo Úm.gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m H$mTy>Z ^mJm§Zm Zmdo Úm.gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m H$mTy>Z ^mJm§Zm Zmdo Úm.gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m H$mTy>Z ^mJm§Zm Zmdo Úm.
1) IS>H$ MH«$ 2) Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$m§Mo àH$ma
2.32.32.32.32.3dù¶m Am{U ^«§edù¶m Am{U ^«§edù¶m Am{U ^«§edù¶m Am{U ^«§edù¶m Am{U ^«§e
n¥ÏdrMr CËnËVr Pmë¶mnmgyZ ^yH$dMmV AZoH$ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambobo AmhoV.
^yI§S>mÀ¶m qH$dm g‘wÐmÀ¶m nmVir‘ܶo ~Xb hmoD$Z {d{dY ^yê$no {Z‘m©U hmoVmZm
AmT>iVmV. nydu g‘wÐ Agboë¶m ^mJmV nd©VmMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbobr AmT>iVo. CXm.
{h‘mb¶ ndV©, nd©VmMo, ‘¡XmZmMo ^mJ IMyZ {H$Zmè¶m§Mo ^mJ IMyZ ~oQ>mMr {Z{‘©Vr Va
{H$Zmao C§MmdyZ ‘¡XmZmMr, nR>mamMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbobr AmT>iVo. ^yn¥îR>m‘ܶo AmOhr ho
~Xb hmoVmZm AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. ho ~Xb H$mhr A§VJ©V e³Vr‘wio, ~mô¶ e³Vr‘wio, H$mhr
doim erK« ñdê$nmV Va H$mhr doim ‘§X ñdê$nmV hmoVmZm AmT>iVmV. ˶m AmYmao
^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè¶m e³VrMo XmoZ àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.munotes.in

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1) A§VJ©V e³Vr 2) ~{hJ©V e³Vr
^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè¶m e³Vr
A§VJ©V e³Vr ~{hJ©V e³Vr
‘§XJVrZo erK«JVrZo {dXmaU
{dñV¥V PrO
Cä¶m AmS>ì¶m ^yH§$n Ádmbm‘wIr ~mô¶ H$maHo$ -
nmVirV nmVirV ZXr, {h‘ZXr
dmam, gmJar bmQ>m,
^y‘rJV nmUr
^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>{dUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>{dUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>{dUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>{dUmè¶m e³Vr^yH$dMmV ~Xb KS>{dUmè¶m e³Vr
1)1)1)1)1)A§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³Vr
^yJ^m©V {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m e³VtZm A§VJ©V e³Vr åhQ>bo OmVo. A§VaJmVrb àM§S>
CîUVo‘wio ô¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ˶m‘wio A§VJ©V ^mJmV hmbMmb hmoD$Z ^yn¥îR>mdaVr
Xm~-VmU nS>Vmo. ˶m‘wio ^yH$dMmdaVr ~Xb KSy>Z ¶oVmV. ¶m e³V H$mhr doim
erK« ñdê$nmV Va H$mhr doim ‘§X ñdê$nmV H$m¶© H$aVmV. ˶mAmYmao XmoZ àH$ma
Ho$bo OmVmV.
1) erK« JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr; 2) ‘§XJVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr
1.1.1.1.1.erK« JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VaJmVrb hmbMmbr…erK« JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VaJmVrb hmbMmbr…erK« JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VaJmVrb hmbMmbr…erK« JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VaJmVrb hmbMmbr…erK« JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VaJmVrb hmbMmbr…
1)^yH§$n …^yH§$n …^yH§$n …^yH§$n …^yH§$n … ^y-n¥îR>mÀ¶m A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb erK« ñdê$nmÀ¶m hmbMmbrV ^yn¥îR>mbm
hmXao ~gVmV. ^yn¥îR>m ImbÀ¶m IS>H$m§À¶m g§VwbZmV AS>Wim Amë¶mg
^yH$dM H§$nm¶‘mZ hmoVo. ¶mbmM ^yH§$n åhQ>bo OmVo qH$dm H$mhr H$maUm‘wio
^yH$dM H§$n nmdUo, hmXaUo qH$dm WaWaUo åhUOo ^yH§$n hmo¶. ^yH$dMm‘ܶo
~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmar hr erK« ñdê$nmMr hmbMmb AgyZ ¶m hmbMmby‘wio
^yH$dMmV Pmbobo ~Xb Vm~S>Vmo~ OmUdyZ ¶oVmV. ¶m hmbMmbt‘wio ^yH$dMmV
‘moR>mbo ~Xb KSy>Z ¶omV. hr e³Vr n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§Va§JmVyZ H$m¶© H$arV Agë¶mZo
{Vbm A§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³VrA§VJ©V e³Vr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
2)^yH§$n Zm^r …^yH§$n Zm^r …^yH§$n Zm^r …^yH§$n Zm^r …^yH§$n Zm^r … ^yH$dMmV Á¶m {R>H$mUr IS>H$m‘ܶo hmbMmb hmoVo. ˶mbm
^yH§$nmMr Zm^r åhQ>bo OmVo. ^yn¥îR>mnmgyZ 25 Vo 30 {H$.Zr. ImobrdaVr
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3)^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð (^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð (^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð (^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð (^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð ( Epicenter ) … ^yH§$n Zm^rÀ¶m daÀ¶m ~mOyMm ^yn¥îR>mdarb
gdm©V OdiMm q~Xþ ^yH§$nmMo ~mô¶ H|$Ð åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. ^yH§$n
‘mnH$ ¶§ÌmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ho ~mô¶H|$Ð R>adbo OmVo. ^yH§$n Zm^rnmgyZ {ZKUmè¶m
bhar ^yn¥îR>mdarb H$mQ>H$moZmV AgUmè¶m ^wn¥îR>mÀ¶m ^mJmV gdm©V AmYr
nmohMVmV. VoM ^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.8 … ^yH§$nAmH¥$Vr 2.8 … ^yH§$nAmH¥$Vr 2.8 … ^yH§$nAmH¥$Vr 2.8 … ^yH§$nAmH¥$Vr 2.8 … ^yH§$n
4)^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar …^yH§$n bhar … ^yH§$n {Z‘m©U Pmë¶mZ§Va ^yH§$n Ho$ÐmnmgyZ ^yH§$nmMo hmXao
{d{eîQ> bhatÀ¶m ñdê$nmV gd©Xÿa ngaVmV. ˶m§Zm ^yH§$n bhar åhQ>bo OmVo.
^yH§$n Zm^rnmgyZ {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m bhar ^yn¥îR>mH$S>o gd©Xÿa àdmg H$aVmV.
˶mMo àH$ma nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(A)àmW{‘H$ bhar (àmW{‘H$ bhar (àmW{‘H$ bhar (àmW{‘H$ bhar (àmW{‘H$ bhar ( P waves ) … ^yH§$n Pmë¶mZ§Va ^yH§$n H|$ÐmnmgyZ EH$m
gai aofoV ^yn¥îR>mH$S>o ¶m bhar àdmg H$aVmV. ÜdZr bhargmaIr ¶mMr
aMZm AgVo. goH§$Xmbm 8 Vo 12 {H$.‘r. doJmZo ¶m bhar àdmg H$aVmV.
^yH§$n Pmë¶mda ^yH§$nm‘mnZ ¶§Ìmda ¶mMr àW‘ Zm|X hmoVo åhUyZ ¶m
bhatZm àmW{‘H$ bhar Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
(~)Xþ涑 bhar Xþ涑 bhar Xþ涑 bhar Xþ涑 bhar Xþ涑 bhar (((((S waves )))))… ^yH§$n H|$ÐmnmgyZ ¶m bhar {Z‘m©U hmoV AgyZ
goH§$Xmbm 4 Vo 8 {H$.‘r. doJmZo àdmg H$aUmè¶m ¶m bhatMr aMZm
nmʶmdarb Va§Jmà‘mUo AgVo. ˶m‘wio ˶m A{YH$ {dÜd§gH$ R>aVmV.
¶m bhar Ðdê$n ^mJm‘YyZ àdmg H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
(H$)n¥îR>r¶ bhar n¥îR>r¶ bhar n¥îR>r¶ bhar n¥îR>r¶ bhar n¥îR>r¶ bhar (((((L waves )))))… ¶m§ZmM bìh bhar Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. bãh
ZmdmÀ¶m emmòkmZo ¶mMm emoY bmdbm. ¶m gdm©V OmñV {dÜd§gH$ AgmV.
^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$ÐmbJV ¶m bhar AmT>iVmV.
2)2)2)2)2) Ádmbm‘wIr …Ádmbm‘wIr …Ádmbm‘wIr …Ádmbm‘wIr …Ádmbm‘wIr …
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§V^m©JmV VßV ‘°½‘m ^yH$dMmÀ¶m hmbMmbt‘wio ^yn¥îR>mda ¶oVmo ˶mbm
Ádmbm‘wIrMm CÐoH$ Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. ‘°½‘m ^yn¥îR>mda Amë¶mda ˶mbm "bmìhm'
åhUVmV. Ádmbm‘wIr¶ CÐoH$ XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV.
^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð^yH§$n ~mô¶H|$Ð
^yH§$n Zm^r^yH§$n Zm^r^yH§$n Zm^r^yH§$n Zm^r^yH§$n Zm^r
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1) H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$ (ñ’$moQ>H$ àH$ma) 2) ^oJr CÐoH$ (em§V àH$ma)
1)H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$ (ñ’$moQ>H$ àH$ma)H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$ (ñ’$moQ>H$ àH$ma)H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$ (ñ’$moQ>H$ àH$ma)H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$ (ñ’$moQ>H$ àH$ma)H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$ (ñ’$moQ>H$ àH$ma) … A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb VËn nXmW© bhmZ‘moQ²>¶m
IS>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o, dm¶y, nmUr {MIb àM§S> ñ’$moQ>mÛmao ~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVmV d
˶m§À¶m g§MZmnmgyZ ^yn¥îR>mdaVr Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo ˶m§Zm
ñ’$moQ>H$ à{H«$¶oZo {Z‘m©U Pmbobo Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo. CXm. ìh°bH°${ZH$
~m°å~, Q>’$, ~«o{gg B˶mXr.
AmH¥$Vr 2.9 … Ádmbm‘wIr - H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.9 … Ádmbm‘wIr - H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.9 … Ádmbm‘wIr - H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.9 … Ádmbm‘wIr - H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.9 … Ádmbm‘wIr - H|$Ðr¶ CÐoH$
2)^oJr CÐoH$ (em§V àH$ma)^oJr CÐoH$ (em§V àH$ma)^oJr CÐoH$ (em§V àH$ma)^oJr CÐoH$ (em§V àH$ma)^oJr CÐoH$ (em§V àH$ma)… n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmbm ^oJm nS>VmV d ˶mVyZ A§VJ©V
^mJmVrb VßV bmìhmag Ádmbm‘wIr CÐoH$mVyZ em§V ñdê$nmV ~mhoa nS>Vmo.
˶mÀ¶m g§M¶ZmnmgyZ ^yn¥îR>mdaVr {dñV¥V ñdê$nmMo IS>H$, nR>mao, ‘¡XmZo
{Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ^maVmMo "X»IZMo nR>ma' Aem ñdê$nmÀ¶m CÐoH$m‘YyZM {Z‘m©U
Pmbobo Amho.
AmH¥$Vr 2.10 … Ádmbm‘wIr - ^oJr CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.10 … Ádmbm‘wIr - ^oJr CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.10 … Ádmbm‘wIr - ^oJr CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.10 … Ádmbm‘wIr - ^oJr CÐoH$AmH¥$Vr 2.10 … Ádmbm‘wIr - ^oJr CÐoH$
2)2)2)2)2)‘§XJVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr …‘§XJVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr …‘§XJVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr …‘§XJVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr …‘§XJVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr …
A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb e³Vr ^yH$dMmdaVr A{Ve¶ ‘§X JVrZo H$m¶© H$aVmV. A§VJ©V
hmbMmbr‘wio ^yH$dMmdar Xm~ d VmU nSy>Z ^yn¥îR>mMm ^mJ C§Mmdbm OmVmo qH$dm
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IMyZ AmS>ì¶m ñdê$nmV Xm~ nS>ë¶mZo ^yn¥îR>mbm dù¶m nS>VmV. àñVa ^§J hmoVmo.
ho ~Xb A{Ve¶ gmdH$me KSy>Z ¶oVmV. ¶m ‘§X JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr H$mhr
doim Cä¶m {XeoZo Va H$mhr doim AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aVmV. ˶m AmYmao XmoZ
àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
1)Cä¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-Cä¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-Cä¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-Cä¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr-Cä¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr- (^yI§S> {Z‘m©ZH$mar hmbMmbr) … A§VJ©V
^mJmV ‘§X JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr H$mhr doim ^yH$dMmV {ÌÁ¶oÀ¶m {XeoZo
H$m¶© H$aVmV. ˶m‘wio n¥ÏdrMm {dñV¥V ^mJ C§Mmdbm OmVmo qH$dm {dñV¥V ^mJ
IMVmo. ˶m‘wio ^y‘rI§S>o, nR>mao, ‘¡XmZo, g‘wÐ VimMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ˶m‘wio
¶m§Zm ^yI§S> {Z‘m©UH$mar hmbMmbr åhQ>bo OmVo. C. A‘o[aH$m, g¡~o[a¶mMm
{H$Zmam ¶m à{H«$¶oZo V¶ma Pmbobm Amho.
2)AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr -AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr -AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr -AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr -AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr - nd©V {Z‘m©UH$mar hmbMmbr) … H$mhr
doim A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb ‘§X JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr ^yH$dMmV ^yn¥îR>mbm
g‘m§Va {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aVmV. ˶m‘wio ^yn¥fR>mdaVr Xm~ qH$dm Xm~ nSy>Z H$mhr
doim dù¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Va H$mhr doim OmoS> àñVa ^§J hmoVo. ¶m à{H«$¶o‘wio
nd©VmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. åhUyZ ˶m nd©V {Z‘m©UH$mar hmbMmbr åhUyZ AmoiIë¶m
OmVmV. {h‘mb¶, am°H$s, A±S>rO ho KS>r nd©V VgoM Vmnr ZXrMr IMXar ¶m
à{H«$¶oZoM {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho.
AmS>ì¶m qH$dm {jVrO g‘m§Va hmbMmbrMo n[aUm‘ …AmS>ì¶m qH$dm {jVrO g‘m§Va hmbMmbrMo n[aUm‘ …AmS>ì¶m qH$dm {jVrO g‘m§Va hmbMmbrMo n[aUm‘ …AmS>ì¶m qH$dm {jVrO g‘m§Va hmbMmbrMo n[aUm‘ …AmS>ì¶m qH$dm {jVrO g‘m§Va hmbMmbrMo n[aUm‘ …
H$mhr doim A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb ‘§X JVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m e³Vr ^yH$dMmbm g‘m§Va/
AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo H$m¶© H$aVmV. ˶m‘wio ^yn¥îR>mdaVr Xm~ qH$dm VmU {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. IS>H$
Za‘ Agob d ˶mdaVr Xm~ nS>ë¶mg ˶m IS>H$mbm dù¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m
dù¶m§Mr C§Mr dmT>V OmdyZ ˶mnmgyZ dir qH$dm KS>r nd©VmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. IS>H$
H$R>rU ñdê$nmMo AgVrb Va ˶mdaVr Xm~, VmU {Z‘m©U Pmë¶mg ˶m§Zm VS>o OmVmV.
^oJm nS>VmV. H$mhr doim ^oJm§daVr IS>H$mÀ¶m VwH$S²>¶mMo ñWmZm§Va hmoD$Z IS>H$mMo Wa
Imbrda gaH$VmV ˶m‘wio JQ>, nd©V, IMXar, Y~Y~o ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. meA
AmS>ì¶m hmbMmbt‘wio àm‘w»¶mZo nd©VmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoV Agë¶mZo ¶mbm nd©V
{Z‘m©UH$mar hmbMmbr åhQ>bo OmVo. ñVarV IS>H$mdaVr AmS>ì¶m {XeoZo Xm~ {Z‘m©U
Pmë¶mg ˶m‘wio dù¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Xm~ gVV dmT>V Joë¶mg dù¶mMr C§Mr dmT>V
OmdyZ H$mbm§VamZo VoWo KS>r nd©VmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.munotes.in

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~)~)~)~)~)dù¶m /KS²>çm nS>Uo (dù¶m /KS²>çm nS>Uo (dù¶m /KS²>çm nS>Uo (dù¶m /KS²>çm nS>Uo (dù¶m /KS²>çm nS>Uo ( Folding )))))
AmS>ì¶m hmbMmbr Ooìhm ^yH$dMmV H$m¶© H$aVmV Voìhm ^yn¥îR>mÀ¶m ‘¥Xÿ ^mJmg KS>çm
qH$dm dù¶m nS>VmV. ¶m {H«$¶oV
^yn¥îR>mda Xm~ nSy>Z ^wn¥îR>mbm
KS>çm nS>VmV. AWm©V hr {H«$¶m
A{Ve¶ gmdH$menUo hmoVo.
Xm~mMo à‘mU H$‘r Agob Va
EH$mM g‘m§V{XeoZo ^yn¥îR> AZoH$
{R>H$mUr C§Mmdbo OmVo. Am{U ¶m
KS²>¶m§À¶m Xaå¶mZ ImobJQ> ^mJ
V¶ma hmoVmV. Á¶m {R>H$mUr Aem
KS>¶m nS>VmV. ˶m {R>H$mUr
^yn¥îR>mMo Ñî¶ à‘mUo {XgVo.
KS>æmm§Mo àH$ma …KS>æmm§Mo àH$ma …KS>æmm§Mo àH$ma …KS>æmm§Mo àH$ma …KS>æmm§Mo àH$ma …
à˶oH$ KS>rg XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. nU ˶m ~mOyg amoI à˶oH$ {R>H$mUr gmaIm
AgobM Ago Zmhr. ¶m AmYmamda KS²>¶m§Mo nwT>rb ghm àH$ma nS>VmV.
1)g‘m§J KS>r (g‘m§J KS>r (g‘m§J KS>r (g‘m§J KS>r (g‘m§J KS>r ( Rock) …) …) …) …) … Á¶m KS>rV
XmoÝhr A§JmÀ¶m Amgm§H$S>rb ~mH$ Am{U
˶m§Mr bm§~r gmaIr AgVo Aem
KS>rbm g‘m§J KS>r g‘m§J KS>r g‘m§J KS>r g‘m§J KS>r g‘m§J KS>r åhUVmV. XmoÝhr
{XeoZo gmaIm Xm~ nS>ë¶mg Aer KS>r
V¶ma hmoVo. ¶m KS>rÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOyg
g‘mZ CVma AgVmo.
2)Ag‘m§J KS>r Ag‘m§J KS>r Ag‘m§J KS>r Ag‘m§J KS>r Ag‘m§J KS>r (((((Asymmetrical
Fold) ) ) ) ) … Á¶m KS>rMr EH$ ~mOy
bm§~ d gm¡å¶ CVmamMr
Am{U Xþgar ~mOy N>moQ>r d
Vrd« CVmamMr AgVo ˶m
KS>rg Ag‘m§J KS>rAg‘m§J KS>rAg‘m§J KS>rAg‘m§J KS>rAg‘m§J KS>r
åhUVmV. EH$m ~mOyZo
OmñV d Xþgè¶m ~mOyZo
H$‘r X~ nS>ë¶mg Aer
KS>r V¶ma hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.11 … dù¶m /KS²>çmAmH¥$Vr 2.11 … dù¶m /KS²>çmAmH¥$Vr 2.11 … dù¶m /KS²>çmAmH¥$Vr 2.11 … dù¶m /KS²>çmAmH¥$Vr 2.11 … dù¶m /KS²>çm
AmH¥$Vr 2.12…g‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.12…g‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.12…g‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.12…g‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.12…g‘m§J KS>r
AmH¥$Vr 2.13 … Ag‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.13 … Ag‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.13 … Ag‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.13 … Ag‘m§J KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.13 … Ag‘m§J KS>rXm~
g‘mZ Xm~g‘mZ Xm~g‘mZ Xm~g‘mZ Xm~g‘mZ Xm~
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3)g‘dmH$ KS>r (g‘dmH$ KS>r (g‘dmH$ KS>r (g‘dmH$ KS>r (g‘dmH$ KS>r ( Isoclinal
Fold))))) … gma»¶m ~mH$
Agboë¶m KS>rMr nwZamd¥ËVr
Pmë¶mg Vr KS>r EH$m ~mOyg
PwH$Vo. ¶m KS>rbmM g‘dmH$
KS>r qH§$dm PwH$bobr KS>r
åhUVmV. ¶m KS>rMr EH$ ~mOy
gm¡å¶ CVmamMr d Xþgar ~mOy
A{Ve¶ Vrd« CVmamMr AgVo.
4)AmS>dr KS>r (AmS>dr KS>r (AmS>dr KS>r (AmS>dr KS>r (AmS>dr KS>r ( Recumbent
Fold) ) ) ) ) … H$Yr OmñV Xm~m‘wio g‘dmH$
KS>r ^yn¥îR>mda nS>Vo ˶mg AmS>dr
KS>r åhUVmV. ¶m KS>rÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOy
{j{VO g‘m§Va AgVmV.
5) {dI§S>rV KS>r ({dI§S>rV KS>r ({dI§S>rV KS>r ({dI§S>rV KS>r ({dI§S>rV KS>r ( Thrust
Fold))))) … ~è¶mM doim OmñV Xm~m‘wio
AmS>dr KS>r VwQ>Vo d Vr WmoS>r nwT>o
gaH$Vo. ¶m doir daÀ¶m
KS>VrVrb IS>H$ Imb˦m
KS>Vrb IS>H$mda ¶oVmV.
¶mbmM {dI§S>rV KS>r qH$dm
Zon ( Nappe ) åhUVmV.
Amëng nd©VmV Aem KS²>¶m
{Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m AmhoV.
6)n§ImH¥$Vr KS>r (n§ImH¥$Vr KS>r (n§ImH¥$Vr KS>r (n§ImH¥$Vr KS>r (n§ImH¥$Vr KS>r ( Fan Shaped
Fold))))) … ^yH$dM A{YH$ ‘D$
Agë¶mg Am{U Xm~mMo à‘mU
OmñV Agë¶mg ˶m {R>H$mUr
KS²>çm {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. KS>çm
nS>ë¶mda Xm~ Mmby am{hë¶mg VoWo bhmZ ‘moR²>¶m KS>çm da CMbë¶m OmD$Z
˶m§Zm n§»¶mMm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.14 g‘dmH$ KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.14 g‘dmH$ KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.14 g‘dmH$ KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.14 g‘dmH$ KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.14 g‘dmH$ KS>r
AmH¥$Vr 2.15… AmH¥$Vr 2.15… AmH¥$Vr 2.15… AmH¥$Vr 2.15… AmH¥$Vr 2.15… AmS>dr KS>rAmS>dr KS>rAmS>dr KS>rAmS>dr KS>rAmS>dr KS>r
AmH¥$Vr 2.16… {dI§S>rV KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.16… {dI§S>rV KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.16… {dI§S>rV KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.16… {dI§S>rV KS>rAmH¥$Vr 2.16… {dI§S>rV KS>rmunotes.in

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H$)H$)H$)H$)H$) ^yH$dMmVrb OmoS> …^yH$dMmVrb OmoS> …^yH$dMmVrb OmoS> …^yH$dMmVrb OmoS> …^yH$dMmVrb OmoS> …
AmS>ì¶m ñdê$nmÀ¶m hmbMmbr‘wio IS>H$mdaVr Xm~-VmU nSy>Z IS>H$mbm VS>o
OmVmV. ‘mÌ IS>H$m§Mo Wa Imbda Z gaH$Vm AmhoV VoWoM amhVmV. Aer
aMZm ^yH$dMmVrb OmoS> åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. C^o, AmS>da, {Vano H$gohr
OmoS> {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. OmoS>m‘wio ^yê$nmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoV Zgbr Var {dXmaU
{H«$¶ogmR>r ho OmoS> Cn¶w³V R>aVmV. OmoS>m‘ܶo nmUr nmPaë¶m‘wio qH$dm amgm¶{ZH$
à{H«$¶o‘wio IS>H$m§Mr ‘moR²>¶m à‘mUmV PrO hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.17 : àñVa^§JAmH¥$Vr 2.17 : àñVa^§JAmH¥$Vr 2.17 : àñVa^§JAmH¥$Vr 2.17 : àñVa^§JAmH¥$Vr 2.17 : àñVa^§J
A)A)A)A)A)àñVa^§J hmoUo (àñVa^§J hmoUo (àñVa^§J hmoUo (àñVa^§J hmoUo (àñVa^§J hmoUo ( Faulting )))))
^yH$dMmVrb AmS>ì¶m hmbMmbt‘wio àñVa^§J hmoVmV. {deofV… H$R>rU IS>H$
Agboë¶m ^mJmV àñV^§JmÀ¶m {H«$¶m KSy>Z ¶oVmV. AmS>ì¶m hmbMmbr Ooìhm ^yH$dMmV
H$m¶© H$aVmV Voìhm ^yn¥îR>mÀ¶m EH$m ~mOyg Xm~ d Xþgè¶m ~mOyg VmU nS>Vmo. ^yn¥ôR>mda
nS>Umam hm VmU ñWm{ZH$ qH$dm àmXo{eH$ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. ¶m hmbMmbr ‘§XnUo KSy>Z
Amë¶mg ˶m§Mm à^md EH$X‘ OmUdV Zmhr. nU Xm~ d VmU dmT>ë¶mg IS>H$mMo Wa
dmH$bobo {XgVmV. hr {H«$¶m AerM gwê$ am{hë¶mg IS>H$mMo Wa AmhoV ˶m pñWVrV
amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV. ^yH$dMmVrb Xm~ dmT>ë¶mg ^yn¥îR>mMm H$mhr ^mJ da gaH$Vmo qH$dm
H$mhr ^mJ Imbr X~Vmo. ¶mbmM àñVa^§J åhUVmV.
àñVa^§J Á¶m n¥îR>^mJmÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo IS>H$mMo Wa Imbr KgaVmV ˶mg nmV
nVb ( Fault Plane ) åhUVmV. àñVa^§JmV XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. Or ~mOy Imbr
’o$H$br OmVo ˶m ~mOyg Adjo{nV (Down Thrown Side ) ~mOy åhUVmV d Or
~mOy da ’o$H$br OmVo {Vbm CËj{nV ~mOy ( Up Thrown Side ) åhUVmV. àñVa^§JmMr
C§Mr H$mhr g|.‘r. nmgyZ H$mhr ‘rQ>g©n¶ªV AgVo. H$Yr H$Yr EH$mM ^mJmV AZoH$
àñVa^§J hmoVmV. Aem AZoH$ àñVa^§J Pmboë¶m ^mJmg àñVa^§J {d^mJ ( Fault
Zone) åhUVmV.
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AmH¥$Vr 2.18 : AmH¥$Vr 2.18 : AmH¥$Vr 2.18 : AmH¥$Vr 2.18 : AmH¥$Vr 2.18 : àñVa^§JmMo àH$maàñVa^§JmMo àH$maàñVa^§JmMo àH$maàñVa^§JmMo àH$maàñVa^§JmMo àH$ma
àñVa^§JmMo àH$ma …àñVa^§JmMo àH$ma …àñVa^§JmMo àH$ma …àñVa^§JmMo àH$ma …àñVa^§JmMo àH$ma …
àñVa^§JmMo nwT>rb àH$ma nS>VmV.
1)gmYm àñVa^§J (gmYm àñVa^§J (gmYm àñVa^§J (gmYm àñVa^§J (gmYm àñVa^§J ( Normal Fault ) …) …) …) …) … A§VJ©V hmbMmbr‘wio ^yn¥îR>mda VmU
nS>ë¶mZo ^yn¥îR>mbm VS>o OmVmV. ˶m‘wio ^yn¥îR>mMr EH$ ~mOy JwéËdmH$f©Zm‘wio
Imbr gaH$Vo. ¶mbm gmYm àñVa^§J åhUVmV. IMXarMr {Z{‘©Vr gmܶm
àñVa ^§Jm‘wio hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.19 … IMXarAmH¥$Vr 2.19 … IMXarAmH¥$Vr 2.19 … IMXarAmH¥$Vr 2.19 … IMXarAmH¥$Vr 2.19 … IMXar
2)CbQ>m àñVa^§J (CbQ>m àñVa^§J (CbQ>m àñVa^§J (CbQ>m àñVa^§J (CbQ>m àñVa^§J ( Reverse Fault ))))) … H$Yr H$Wr m§VJ©V e³Vr‘wio ^yn¥îR>mda
Xm~ nSy>Z ^yn¥îR>mg VS>o OmVmV. ˶m‘wio ^yn¥îR>mMr EH$ ~mOy da gaH$Vo. hr
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{H«$¶m JwéËdmH$f©ZmÀ¶m {déX²Y {XeoZo Agë¶m‘wio ¶mbm CbQ>m àñVa^§J åhUVmV.
JQ>nd©VmMr {Z{‘©Vr CbQ²>¶m àñV^§Jm‘wio hmoVo.
Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
àíZ 1.Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
1) dù¶m§À¶m {Z{‘©VrMr H$maUo gm§JyZ dù¶m§À¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo dU©Z H$am.
2) ^«em§À¶m {Z{‘©VrMr H$maUo gm§JyZ ^«em§À¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo dU©Z H$am.
3) dù¶m d ^«§e ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$er hmoVo Vo ñnîQ> H$am.
4) gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo dù¶m§À¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
5) gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo ^«em§À¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
àíZ 2.Q>rnm {bhm.
1) dù¶m§Mo àH$ma 2) ^«em§Mo àH$ma 3) IMXar 4) JQ>nd©V
2.42.42.42.42.4{dXmaU d {dñV¥V PrO{dXmaU d {dñV¥V PrO{dXmaU d {dñV¥V PrO{dXmaU d {dñV¥V PrO{dXmaU d {dñV¥V PrO
A§VJ©V e³Vr‘wio {d{dY ^wê$nm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. H$mhr ^mJ C§Mmdbm OmVmo
H$mhr Imbr IMVmo ˶m A§VJ©V hmbMmbr‘wio {df‘Vm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. hr {df‘Vm ZîQ>
H$aʶmMo H$m¶© ^yn¥îR>mdê$Z dmVmdam‘YyZ H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m ~mô¶e³Vr H$arV AgVmV.
~mhoê$Z ¶m e³Vr H$m¶© H$aVrV Agë¶mZo ˶m§Zm ~mô¶e³Vr åhQ>bo OmVo. D$Z, dmam,
nmD$g, ZXr, {h‘ZXr, gmJar bmQ>m, ^y‘rJV nmUr, dZñnVr, àmUr ho gd© KQ>H$
‘hËdmMo …aVmV. IZZ, dhZ g§M¶Z ¶m‘wio A§VJ©V ^yH$dMm‘ܶo ~Xb KS>dyZ
AmUbm OmVmo ho H$m¶© A{Ve¶ ‘§XJVrZo hmoVo. {dXmaUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶o‘YyZ {d{dY H$m¶m©‘m’©$V
^yn¥îR>m‘X²¶o ~Xb hmoD$Z {d{dY AmH$mamMr ^yê$no {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ~mô¶e³VrÀ¶m
H$maH$mÛmao KSy>Z ¶oUmè¶m H$m¶m©V {dXmaU, PrO, IZZ, dhZ, g§M¶Z ¶m {H«$¶m
‘hËdmÀ¶m R>aVmV. ~mô¶e³VrMr Vr gmYZo åhUyZ (h˶mao) H$m¶© H$aVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 2.20 JQ>nd©VAmH¥$Vr 2.20 JQ>nd©VAmH¥$Vr 2.20 JQ>nd©VAmH¥$Vr 2.20 JQ>nd©VAmH¥$Vr 2.20 JQ>nd©VJQ>nd©VJQ>nd©VJQ>nd©VJQ>nd©VJQ>nd©V
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AmH¥$Vr 2.21 AmH¥$Vr 2.21 AmH¥$Vr 2.21 AmH¥$Vr 2.21 AmH¥$Vr 2.21 AZmÀN>mXZAZmÀN>mXZAZmÀN>mXZAZmÀN>mXZAZmÀN>mXZ
{dXmaU/AZmÀN>mXZ …{dXmaU/AZmÀN>mXZ …{dXmaU/AZmÀN>mXZ …{dXmaU/AZmÀN>mXZ …{dXmaU/AZmÀN>mXZ …
~mô¶e³VrÀ¶m H$maH$m§‘wio ^yn¥îR>mdarb IS>H$mMr ‘moS>VmoS> hmoD$Z Vmo IS>H$ {dI§S>rV
hmoD$Z VwQ>Vmo. ’w$Q>Vmo ˶mMo bhmZ VwH$S>çm§‘ܶo aoVr, ‘mVr‘ܶo ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ¶m à{H«$¶obm
{dXmaU åhQ>bo OmVo. gy¶m©Mr CîUVm, nmD$g, dmam, nmUr, nmUr JmoR>ʶmMr à{H«$¶m,
dZñnVr, àmUr, VgoM H$mhr amgm¶{ZH$ d ‘mZdr {H«$¶o‘wio IS>H$mdaVr Xm~, VmU
{Z‘m©U hmoD$Z ˶mMo amgm¶{ZH$ g§KQ>Z ~XbyZ ‘yi IS>H$ {dI§S>rV hmoD$Z ˶mMo aoVr,
‘mVr‘ܶo ê$nm§Va hmoVo hr {dXmaUmMr à{H«$¶m ^yH$dMm‘ܶo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè¶m
à{H«$¶o‘ܶo A˶§V ‘hËdmMo R>aVo. {dXmaUm‘wio •-
1) ~{hJ©V e³VrÀ¶m IZZ H$m¶m©V ‘XV hmoVo.
2) {dXmaUm‘wio ^yn¥îR>mMr PrO KSy>Z ¶oVo.
3) ^y•-AmH$mam‘ܶo ~Xb KSy>Z ¶oVmV.
4) O{‘Z-‘¥XoÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vrg hr à{H«$¶m ‘XV H$aVo.
{dXmaUmMo àH$ma …{dXmaUmMo àH$ma …{dXmaUmMo àH$ma …{dXmaUmMo àH$ma …{dXmaUmMo àH$ma …
1) H$m¶{H$/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaU
2) amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU
3) O¡{dH$ {dXmaU
{dXmaUmMo àH$ma{dXmaUmMo àH$ma{dXmaUmMo àH$ma{dXmaUmMo àH$ma{dXmaUmMo àH$ma
H$m{¶H$ O¡{dH$ amgm¶{ZH$
{dXmaU {dXmaU {dXmaU
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1)1)1)1)1) H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaU…H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaU…H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaU…H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaU…H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaU…
{Za{Zamù¶m ^m¡{VH$ {H«$¶m§Mm ‘yi IS>H$mdaVr n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z Vr IS>H$ {dI§S>rV
hmoVmo. VwQ>Vmo, ’w$Q>Vmo d ˶mMo ~marH$ aoVr-‘mVr‘ܶo ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ¶m à{H«$¶o‘ܶo ‘mÌ
‘yi IS>H$mVrb JwUY‘© ~Xbbo OmV ZmhrV. {dXmaU Pmboë¶m nXmWmª‘Yrb ¶m ‘yi
IS>H$mMo JwUY‘© hr VgoV amhVmV. ¶m ñdê$nmÀ¶m {dXmaUmbm H$m{¶H$/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaUH$m{¶H$/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaUH$m{¶H$/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaUH$m{¶H$/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaUH$m{¶H$/¶m§{ÌH$ {dXmaU
åhQ>bo OmVo. ¶m àH$maMo {dXmaU gy¶© àH$me, gy¶m©Mr CîUVm, nmD$g, dmhVo nmUr.
nmUr JmoR>Uo, à[H«$¶m, ~mînr^dZ, dmam, gmJar bmQ>m, dZñnVr, àmUr d H$mhr ‘mZdr
{H«$¶o‘wio KSy>Z ¶oVo. {h‘mÀN>m{XV àXoemV nmdgm‘wio, ZÚm§À¶m Imoè¶mV dmh˶m nmʶm‘wio,
dZñnVrMr ‘wio, C§Xra, KwergmaIo àmUr, ‘mZdmÀ¶m ImUH$m‘, IS>rH$aU, ñ’$moQ>,
AUw MmMʶm ¶m {H«$¶m‘wio H$m{¶H$ ñdê$nmMo {dXmaU KSy>Z ¶oVo ¶m ñdê$nm‘ܶo qH$dm
Á¶m nÜXVrZo IS>H$mMo {dXmaU hmoVo. ˶m AmYmao ˶m§Mo doJdoJio àH$ma gm§{JVbo OmVmV.
4)H$Ur¶ {dXmaU (H$Ur¶ {dXmaU (H$Ur¶ {dXmaU (H$Ur¶ {dXmaU (H$Ur¶ {dXmaU ( Grannular disintegration ))))): {dXmaUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶o‘wio
‘yi IS>H$mMo ~marH$ H$Um‘ܶo aoVr, ‘mVr‘ܶo ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ¶m à{H«$¶obm
H$Ur¶ {dXmaU åhQ>bo OmVo. ~mô¶ H$maH$m‘wio IS>H$mMo {dXmaU hmoV AgVo.
IS>H$mVrb ~marH$ H$U EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ AbJ hmoVmV d H$mbm§VamZo ‘yi IS>H$
Zmhrgm VmoJmo.
A)ñ’${Q>H$m§À¶m dmT>r‘wio {d{dYñ’${Q>H$m§À¶m dmT>r‘wio {d{dYñ’${Q>H$m§À¶m dmT>r‘wio {d{dYñ’${Q>H$m§À¶m dmT>r‘wio {d{dYñ’${Q>H$m§À¶m dmT>r‘wio {d{dY jma nmʶmV {daKiVmV. gpÀN>Ð IS>H$m§V Ho$fmH$f©UmZo
ho nmUr IS>H$m§V {eaVo. nmʶmMo ~mînr^dZ hmoVo d jmamMm ñ’${Q>H$ V¶ma
hmoVmo. hr {H«$¶m gVV hmoV am{hë¶m‘wio ñ’${Q>H$ ‘moR>m hmoVmo d ˶mMm Xm~
~mOyÀ¶m H$Um§da nSy>Z Vo H$U ‘yi IS>H$mnmgyZ doJio hmoVmV.
AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr 2.22… H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU2.22… H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU2.22… H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU2.22… H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU2.22… H$m{¶H$ {dXmaU
~)Ag‘mZ àgaUm‘wio Ag‘mZ àgaUm‘wio Ag‘mZ àgaUm‘wio Ag‘mZ àgaUm‘wio Ag‘mZ àgaUm‘wio … IS>H$m§V {d{dY a§Jm§Mr I{ZOo AgVmV. H$mù¶m a§JmMr
I{ZOo nm§T>è¶m a§JmÀ¶m I{ZOmnojm A{YH$ CîUVm emofyZ KoVmV d OmñV
àgaU nmdVmV. ¶m Ag‘mZ àgaUm‘wio IS>H$m§Mo H$U doJio hmoVmV.
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2)AnU©Z (AnU©Z (AnU©Z (AnU©Z (AnU©Z ( Extoliation ) nmnwÐo AbJ hmoUo/{dbJrH$aU) nmnwÐo AbJ hmoUo/{dbJrH$aU) nmnwÐo AbJ hmoUo/{dbJrH$aU) nmnwÐo AbJ hmoUo/{dbJrH$aU) nmnwÐo AbJ hmoUo/{dbJrH$aU … { d X m a U m ‘ w i o
‘yi IS>H$mnmgyZ doJdoJù¶m AmH$mamMo nmnwÐo hmoD$Z IS>H$m§Mo {dXmaU hmoVo.
H$mbm§VamZo Vmo g§nyU© IS>H$ Zmhrgm hmoVmo. ¶m à{H«$¶obm AnU©Z åhQ>bo OmVo.
A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 3 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 3 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 3 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 3 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 3
3)I§S>{dXmaU JQ>{d^§OZ (I§S>{dXmaU JQ>{d^§OZ (I§S>{dXmaU JQ>{d^§OZ (I§S>{dXmaU JQ>{d^§OZ (I§S>{dXmaU JQ>{d^§OZ ( Block disntigration ) …) …) …) …) … ‘yi IS>H$mdaVr
Xm~ d VmU nS>ë¶mZo IS>H$mbm Cä¶m AmS>ì¶m ñdê$nmÀ¶m ^oJm {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
nmUr JmoR>ʶmMr à{H«$¶m ¶m‘wio ¶m ^oJm é§XmdV OmVmV. eodQ>r ‘yi IS>H$mnmgyZ
bhmZ ‘moR²>¶m AmH$mamÀ¶m R>moH$ù¶m gmaIo VwH$S>o doJio hmoVmV. ¶m à{H«$¶obm
I§S>{dXmaU à{H«$¶m åhQ>bo OmVo. ‘yi IS>H$mVrb JwUY‘© {dXm[aV IS>H$m‘ܶo
VgoM amhVmV.
A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 4 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 4 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 4 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 4 A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 2 4
4){h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aU ({h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aU ({h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aU ({h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aU ({h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aU ( Frost Shattering ) …) …) …) …) … g‘erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmV
{Xdgm Vmn‘mZ JmoR>U[~§Xÿnojm ( 0ºC) OmñV AgVo ˶mdoir nmU[ IS>H$m§À¶m
^oJm§‘ܶo {eaVo. amÌr Vmn‘mZ JmoR>Uq~Xÿnojm ( 0ºC) H$‘r hmoVo ˶mdoir IS>H$m§Vrb
^oJo‘ܶo Agboë¶m nmʶmMo ~’©$ hmoVo. nmʶmMo ~’©$ Pmë¶mda ˶mMo AmH$ma‘mZ
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dmT>Vo d ˶m‘wio IS>H$m§da Xm~ nSy>Z ^oJ é§XmdVo. hr {H«$¶m gVV hmoV am{hë¶m‘wio
IS>H$mMo VwH$S>o ‘yi IS>H$mnmgyZ doJio hmoVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 2.25 : {h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aUAmH¥$Vr 2.25 : {h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aUAmH¥$Vr 2.25 : {h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aUAmH¥$Vr 2.25 : {h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aUAmH¥$Vr 2.25 : {h‘m‘wio hmoUmao VwH$S>rH$aU
2)2)2)2)2)amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU (Chemical Weathring)
‘yi IS>H$mdaVr ~mô¶e³VrÀ¶m H$maUm‘wio H$mhr amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶m hmoD$Z
hmoD$Z ˶m IS>H$m§‘Yrb I{ZO Ðì¶mdaVr n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z ˶mnmgyZ doJio
JwUY‘© AgUmao nXmW©, aoVr-‘mVr V¶ma hmoVo. amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶oZo ho {dXmaU
hmoV Agë¶mZo Vo amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. nmdgmMo nmUr,
dmVmdaUmVrb dm¶y, O{‘ZrVrb I{ZO Ðì¶o, ~mîn ¶m‘wio ¶m amgm¶{ZH$
à{H«$¶m KSy>Z ¶oVmV. Á¶m H$maUm‘wio qH$dm Á¶m ñdê$nmV IS>H$mMo {dXmaU
hmoVo. ˶m AmYmao amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaUmMo àH$ma nwT>rb à‘mUo …
1)H$m~m}ZoeZ H$m~m}ZoeZ H$m~m}ZoeZ H$m~m}ZoeZ H$m~m}ZoeZ (Carbonation) … … … … … ‘yi IS>H$mdaVr H$m~©Z AmåbmMr à{H«$¶m hmoD$Z
Vmo IS>H$ {dI§S>rV hmoVmo d ˶mnmgyZ doJù¶m JwUY‘m©Mo nXmW© {Z‘m©U hmoVmV
¶mbm H$m~m}ZoeZ åhQ>bo OmVo. Ap½ZOݶ IS>H$mdaVrH$m~©Z AmåbmMr à{H«$¶m
hmoD$Z ˶m IS>H$mnmgyZ H°$pëe¶‘, {gbrH$m, ‘°½Zo{eA‘ hr KQ>H$ Ðì¶o AbJ
hmoVmV d H$mbm§VamZo Vmo IS>H$ Zmhrgm hmoVmo.
AmH¥$Vr 2.26… H$m~m}ZoeZAmH¥$Vr 2.26… H$m~m}ZoeZAmH¥$Vr 2.26… H$m~m}ZoeZAmH¥$Vr 2.26… H$m~m}ZoeZAmH¥$Vr 2.26… H$m~m}ZoeZ
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2)Am°p³gS>oeZ Am°p³gS>oeZ Am°p³gS>oeZ Am°p³gS>oeZ Am°p³gS>oeZ (Oxidation) … nmdgmÀ¶m nmʶmV dmVmdaUmVrb Amp³gOZ
{‘gibm OmVmo. dmVmdaUmVrb Am°p³gOZ {‘lrV ~mfn qH$dm dmVmdaUmVrb
Am°p³gOZMr bmoh¶w³V IS>H$mdaVr amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶m hmoVo. ˶m‘wio J§OʶmÀ¶m
à{H«$¶o‘YyZ ˶m IS>H$mMo {dXmaU hmoVo. d doJù¶m JwUY‘m©À¶m nXmWmª‘ܶo
˶mMo ê$nm§Va hmoVo. hr à{H«$¶m Am°p³gS>oeZ åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
3)hm¶S´>moOZ hm¶S´>moOZ hm¶S´>moOZ hm¶S´>moOZ hm¶S´>moOZ (Hydration) : nmdgmMo nmUr IS>H$m§‘ܶo nmPaë¶mg ˶m nmʶmMm
IS>H$mdaVr, I{ZO Ðì¶daVr n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z VoWo ñ’${Q>H$sH$aUmMr à{H«$¶m
hmoVo. ˶m‘wio IS>H$mMo AmH$ma‘mZ bhmZ-‘moR>o hmoV AgVmZm IS>H$mdaVr
Xm~-VmU nSy>Z ˶mMo {dI§S>Z hmoVo. ¶m à{H«$¶obm hm¶S´>oeZ åhQ>bo OmVo.
4)gmoë¶weZ (gmoë¶weZ (gmoë¶weZ (gmoë¶weZ (gmoë¶weZ ( Solution ))))) … H$mhr IS>H$ qH$dm I{ZOÐì¶o nmʶm‘ܶo {daKiVmV.
H$mhtMo g§KQ>Z ~XbyZ ‘yi IS>H$ [H§$dm I{ZOÐì¶o {daKiyZ Zmhrer hmoVmV.
¶m à{H«$¶obm gmoë¶yeZ åhQ>bo OmVo. MwZIS>H$ jmamMo IS>H$ qH$dm ‘rR> ¶m§Mo
{dXmaU ¶mM à{H«$¶oZo hmoVo.
H$mhr doim dZñnVtÀ¶m ‘wimÀ¶m Q>moH$mOdi OmñV V¶ma hmoVo. ¶m Amåbm‘wio
amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶m hmoD$Z ˶m IS>H$m‘YyZ dZñnVrMr ‘wio Amanma Omdy eH$VmV.
hr dmT>V AgVmZm H$mbm§VamZo IS>H$mMo {dXmaU hmoVo. amgm¶{ZH$ ñdê$nmMo
{dXmaU àm‘w»¶mZo Vmn‘mZ, nmdgmMo nmUr, nmʶm‘ܶo {daKibobo dm¶y IS>H$m‘Yrb
I{ZO Ðì¶o ˶m§Mr aMZm ¶mda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
3) O¡{dH$ {dXmaU …3) O¡{dH$ {dXmaU …3) O¡{dH$ {dXmaU …3) O¡{dH$ {dXmaU …3) O¡{dH$ {dXmaU …
n¥Ïdrdarb O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§À¶m {H«$¶o‘wio Oo IS>H$m§Mo {dI§S>Z hmoVo ˶mg O¡{dH$
{dXmaU åhUVmV. dZñnVr Am{U àmUr ho n¥Ïdrdarb à‘wI O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV.
dZñnVr Ord-O§Vy, àmUr d ‘mZd ¶m§À¶m‘wio O¡{dH$ Anj¶ {H«$¶m KSy>Z ¶oVo.
O¡{dH$ Anj¶ H$m{¶H$ qH$dm amgm¶{ZH$ àH$maMo Agy eH$Vo.
nmʶmÀ¶m emoYmW© dZñnVtMr ‘yio IS>H$m§À¶m ^oJm§VyZ Imobrn¶ªV {eaVmV.
dZñnVtÀ¶m dmT>r~amo~a ˶m ‘wim§Mmhr dmT> hmoVo. hr ‘wio ‘moR>r Pmë¶mZo IS>H$m§À¶m
^oJm§da Xm~ nSy>Z ^oJm é§XmdVmV. ¶m {H«$¶o‘wio IS>H$ ’w$Q>VmV d Anj¶ KSy>Z ¶oVo.
dZñnVtÀ¶m ‘wimer AgUmao nmUr H$mhr A§er AmåbY‘u Agë¶mZo Aem nmʶmOdirb
IS>H$ amgm¶{ZH$ IS>H$ Anj¶mg ~ir nS>VmV. dZñnVr Amnbo AÝZ V¶ma H$aVmZm
AZoH$ agm¶Zo {Z‘m©U H$arV AgVmV. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ IS>H$mda hmoD$Z IS>H$m§Mo {dI§hZ
hmoVo qH$dm IS>H$m§Mo H$mhr ^mJ {daKiVmV. dZñnVt‘wio O{‘ZrVrb Amobmdm {Q>Hy$Z
amhVmo d nmʶmMm IS>H$m§er OmñV H$mi g§~§Y Amë¶mZo Anj¶ {H«$¶og ‘XVM hmoVo.munotes.in

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AmH¥$Vr 2.27… AmH¥$Vr 2.27… AmH¥$Vr 2.27… AmH¥$Vr 2.27… AmH¥$Vr 2.27… O¡{dH$ {dXmaUO¡{dH$ {dXmaUO¡{dH$ {dXmaUO¡{dH$ {dXmaUO¡{dH$ {dXmaU
C§Xra, Kwer, IoH$S>o, JmoJbJm¶r, ‘w§½¶m ¶m§gmaIo àmUr d H$mhr OrdO§Vy O‘rZ
nmoIê$Z {~io V¶ma H$aVmV. ¶m {H«$¶oVhr Anj¶ hmoVo. H$mhr àmʶm§Mo ‘yÌ A{Ve¶
Vrd« AgVo d Ago ‘yÌ IS>H$m§da nSy>Z IS>H$mMo amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU hmoVo.
dZñnVr d àmʶmÀ¶m {dZmgmZ§Va ˶m§Mo Ad{eîQ> ^mJ ‘¥XoV {‘giVmV d Vo
Hw$OVmV. ¶m‘wio XoIrb IS>H$m§À¶m Anj¶mbm ‘XVM hmoVo.
dmT>˶m bmoH$g§»¶o‘wio d Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm‘wio ‘moR²>¶m à‘mUmV H$maImݶmVyZ
Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ob d agm¶Zo ^y‘rda d nmʶmV {‘giV Agë¶mZo amgm¶{ZH$ Anj¶mMr
{H«$¶m doJmZo hmoV Amho.
1){dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ … {dXmaUmdaVr {d{dY ñdê$nmMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ amgm¶{ZH$ KQ>H$
n[aUm‘ H$aVmV. ¶m KQ>H$mbm AZwgê$Z {dXmaUmÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m à{H«$¶m KS>V AgVmV.
àXoemZwgma KQ>H$m‘ܶo {^ÝZVm Agë¶mZo {dXmaUm‘ܶohr {d{dYVm AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
nwT>rb H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mm {dXmaUmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo.
1) ^yaMZm - nd©V, nR>ma, ‘¡XmZ
2) O{‘ZrMm CVma
3) IS>H$mMm àH$ma, aMZm
4) hdm‘mZ - Vmn‘mZ, nO©Ý¶, AmЩVm, dm¶y
5) IS>H$m‘Yrb I{ZO Ðì¶o
6) dZñnVrMo AmÀN>mXZ
7) ~mô¶H$maHo$ - ZXr, {h‘ZXr, dmam, gmJar bmQ>m
8) ‘mZdr {H«$¶m - ñ’$moQ>
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{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …{dXmaUmMo n[aUm‘ …
A)^yn¥îR>aMZo‘ܶo ~Xb - ^y{‘ñdê$nm‘ܶo ~Xb
~) Anj¶{H«$¶o‘ܶo {dXmaU Cn¶w³V
H$) I{ZO {Z{‘©VrgmR>r
S>) O{‘ZrÀ¶m {Z{‘©gmR>r {dXmaU Cn¶w³V
B) {dXmaUm‘wio {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ¶m ^yénmMr {Z{‘©Vr
2)dhZ … dhZ … dhZ … dhZ … dhZ … ~{hJ©V e³VrÀ¶m H$m¶m©‘ܶo IZZ d g§M¶ZmBVHo$M ‘hËd dhZ
{H«$¶obm Amho. ¶m à{H«$¶o‘ܶo H$moUVohr ^wê$n {Z‘m©U hmoV Zmhr. ‘mÌ ^y{‘ñdê$nmÀ¶m
{Z{‘©VrgmR>r hr à{H«$¶m ‘XV H$aVo. {dXmaUm‘ܶo {Z‘m©U Pmbobo nXmW© ~mô¶H$maH$mH$Sy>Z
EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV. hr à{H«$¶m dhZ-åhUyZ AmoiIbr
OmVo. ZXr, {h‘ZXr, dmam, gmJar bmQ>m, ¶m ~mô¶H$maH$m§À¶m dhZ {H«$¶o‘wio nXmW©
EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV. ˶m‘wio {dXmaUmgmR>r BWbm
^mJ naV CKS>m nS>Vmo. ho nXmW© dmhV OmVmZm ‘mJm©Vrb ^yn¥îR>mdaVr Kmgbo OmVmV.
˶m‘wio IZZ H$m¶m©bm AmUIr ‘XV hmoVo. à{H«$¶m àm‘w»¶mZo àXoemMm CVma, ~mô¶H$maH$mMr
JVr, dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWmªMo à‘mU d ñdén, àXoemMr aMZm, ‘mJm©V ¶oUmao AS>Wio
¶mdaVr Adb§~yZ AgVo.
3)g§M¶Z …g§M¶Z …g§M¶Z …g§M¶Z …g§M¶Z … ~mô¶H$maH$mÀ¶m {Ì{‘Vr H$m¶m©‘Yrb ho A§{V‘ H$m¶© {dYm¶H$ ñdê$nmMo
AgVo. {dXm[aV Pmbobo nXmW© dhZ H$m¶© gIb ^mJmH$S>o dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV. VoWo
˶m§Mo gmV˶mZo g§MbZ hmoV OmVo. ˶m‘wio {d{dY ñdê$nmMr ^yê$no {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z
^yH$dMm‘ܶo ~Xb KSy>Z ¶oVmo. g§Mm¶ZmMo H$m¶© àm‘w»¶mZo àXoemMr aMZm, ‘mJm©V
¶oUmao AS>Wio, dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo à‘mU, ñdê$n, ¶mdaVr Adb§~yZ AgVo.
dmVmdaUmVyZ H$m¶© H$aUmar ~mô¶H$maHo$ ^yn¥îR>mdaVr IZZ, dhZ, g§M¶Z ¶m
{Ì{dX ñdê$nmMo H$m¶© H$ê$Z {d{eîQ> Q>߶m‘YyZ ^yH$dMm‘ܶo {Z‘m©U Pmbobr {df‘Vm
ZîQ> H$aʶmMo H$m¶© H$aVmV. doJdoJù¶m ì¶dñWo‘YyZhr H$m¶© H$aVmZm ^yH$dMmV
‘moR²>¶m à‘mUmV ~Xb hmoVmo. ˶m‘YyZ AZoH$ ^y{‘ ñdê$nmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ‘mÌm hm
~Xb hmoʶmgmR>r, ^yéno {Z‘m©U hmoʶmgmR>r XrK© H$mbmdYr bmJVmo. A§VJ©V hmbMmbr
‘YyZ C§Mmdbobo àXoe ¶m ~mô¶H$maH$mÀ¶m {Ì{‘V H$m¶m©‘YçZ naV ‘yiÀ¶m nmVirbm
AmʶmMo H$m¶© ¶m H$maH$mH$Sy>Z hmoVo. ˶mbmM Anj¶ MH«$ åhQ>bo OmVo.
Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm …
àíZ 1. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
1) {dXmaUmÀ¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
2) {dñV¥V PrOoÀ¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
3) gw~H$ AmH¥$˶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo H${MH$ {dXmaUmÀ¶m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
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àíZ 2. Q>rnm {bhm.
1) H$Ur¶ {dXmaU
2) O¡{dH$ {dXmaU
3) amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaU
4) H$m~m}ZoeZ d Am°H$ñrS>oeZ
5) XaS> H$mogiUo.
2.52.52.52.52.5{dñV¥V PrO{dñV¥V PrO{dñV¥V PrO{dñV¥V PrO{dñV¥V PrO
PrO dhZmZo qH$dm g§M¶mZo CnbãY Pmbobr ‘mVr, IS>H$m§Mm ^wJm, bhmZ
VwH$S>o B. nXmWmªMo CVmamZwgma hmoV Agboë¶m KgaUrg {dñV¥V PrO åhUVmV. dmhVo
nmUr, dmam, {h‘ZXr B. ‘wio nXmWmªMo dhZ hmoV Agob Va ˶mMm g‘mdoe ‘mÌ
{dñV¥V PrO ¶m g§H$ënZoV Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. VWm{n ñVa YwbmB©Mm g‘mdoe {dñV¥V
PrO ¶m g§H$ënZoV Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.
VWm{n ñVa YwbmB©Mm g‘mdoe {dñV¥V
{POoV hmoVmo. {dñV¥V PrO d ñVa YwbmB©
¶m‘wio YwbmB© ¶m‘wio ^y‘rM C§Mr KQ>Vo
VgoM àXoemMm AmH$ma ~XbVmo.
ObàdmhmÀ¶m jaU H$m¶m©Mm à^md EHy$U
^yn¥îR>mÀ¶m ’$ma H$‘r joÌmda hmoV AgVmo.
na§Vy ObàdmhmÀ¶ Xaå¶mZmM ^y^mJ
gmdH$me na§Vw AI§S>nUo H$moabm OmV
AgVmo. ^yn¥îR>mbm AmH$ma àmßV H$ê$Z
XoUmè¶m {d{dY à{H«$¶m§‘ܶo {dñV¥V PrO
d ñVa YwbmB©Mo H$m¶© bjUr¶ AgVo. {dXmaU d PrO ¶m§À¶m Xaå¶mZMr {dñV¥V
PrO hr g§H«$‘U à{H«$¶m Amho. AWm©V Anj¶ d jaU ¶m à{H«$¶m§Mm KQ>H$m§À¶m
EH${ÌV à^mdm‘wio {dñV¥V PrO hmoVo.
CVma {Z{‘©Vr H$maUr^yV à‘wI à{H«$¶m§Mo XmoZ JQ> Amho. 1) Anj¶ d
2) n¥îR>r¶ dhZ. Anj¶m‘wio IS>H$mMo VwH$S>o qH$dm ^yJm CVmamdaVr nS>bobm AgVmo. Vmo
CVmambm AZwgê$Z ˶mMo JwéËdmH$f©U àoaUo‘wio H$R>rU Aem IS>H$ Vimda {dñH$irV
Aem S>~amMo AmÀN>mXZ AgVo. Aem S>~amMo d ‘¥XoMo dhZ qH$dm hmbMmb CVmamImbr
hmoV AgVo. ho doJdoJù¶m à{H«$¶oVyZ KS>Vo. ˶mVrb à{H«$¶m gmdH$me nU gVV gwé AgVmV.
Va H$mhr à{H«$¶m ì¶mnH$ d {dñV¥V AgVmV. ˶m§Mo dJ© qH$dm JQ> Ho$bo OmVmV.
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1) n¥îR>r¶ {dñV¥V PrO Imob {dñV¥V PrOoMm n[aUm‘ ‘yi IS>H$ n¥îR>mda hmoVmo.
2) {dñV¥V nXmWmªMr hmbMmb qH$dm Ðì¶m§Mr hmbMma - ¶mg T>rJMbZ Ago
åhUUo C{MV amhrb ¶mg amer hmbMmb hr åhUVm ¶oB©b. AZoH$Xm nXmW©
Adeof qH$dm Ðì¶o Aneof ¶m g§H$ënZoMr A§V©àd©VZr¶ g§km åhUyZ Cn¶moJmV
AmUbr OmVo. H$mhr Vkm§À¶m ‘Vo ‘moR²>¶m dñVy§À¶m {T>Jm§À¶m hmbMmbrg Ðd
hmbMmbr hr g§km dmnabr OmVo.
Ðì¶ hmbMmbtMo dJuH$aU …Ðì¶ hmbMmbtMo dJuH$aU …Ðì¶ hmbMmbtMo dJuH$aU …Ðì¶ hmbMmbtMo dJuH$aU …Ðì¶ hmbMmbtMo dJuH$aU …
^yCVmamdê$Z IS>H$ nXmWmªÀ¶m MbZmMo XmoZ à‘wI JQ> S>~amV Agboë¶m
nmʶmÀ¶m à‘mUmdê$Z nmS>bo OmVmV. Vo åhUOo àdmhrV hmbMmb ^y‘r KgaU hmo¶.
1)àdmhrV hmbMmb … àdmhrV hmbMmb … àdmhrV hmbMmb … àdmhrV hmbMmb … àdmhrV hmbMmb … S>~am‘ܶo nmUr Agë¶mg nmʶm~amo~a S>~a Imbr
dmhÿ bmJVmo. Oa nmʶmMo à‘mU H$‘r Agob Va S>~amMr hmbMmb H$‘r hmoVo Am{U
nmʶmMo à‘mU OmñV Agob Va S>~amMr hmbMmb ObX hmoVo. ¶mdê$Z nwÝhm XmoZ
CnàH$ma nmS>bo OmVmV Vo åhUOo ‘§X àdmh hmbMmb d {eK« àdmh hmbMmb hmo¶.
A)‘§X àdmh hmbMma …‘§X àdmh hmbMma …‘§X àdmh hmbMma …‘§X àdmh hmbMma …‘§X àdmh hmbMma … ¶mV ‘¥Xm ganQ>U, S>~a ganQ>U, {h‘mZr IS>H$m§Mo ganQ>U
B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ˶mV ‘¥Xm ganQ>U ( Soil Creep ) OmñV ‘hËdmMo AgVo.
‘¥XoÀ¶m Ðì¶mMr ‘§XJVrZo hmbMmb CVmambm AZwgê$Z à{H«$¶m CîU d g‘{eVmoîU
hdm‘mZ àXoemV AmT>iVo. ‘¥Xm
ganQ>Umè¶m à^mdm‘wioM AZoH$Xm
Q>o{b’$moZMo Im§~, PmS>o CVmamH$S>o
PwH$bobo AmT>iVmV. ‘¥Xm ganQ>U
ho AZoH$ à{H«$¶m§À¶m EH${ÌV
à^mdm‘wio KSy>Z ¶oV AgVo.
gwú‘H$U CVmambm AZwgê$Z dhmVmV.
nmdgmMo W|~ qH$dm nO©Ý¶YwbmB©
¶m‘wio gwú‘ H$U hb{dbo OmVmV.
IS>H$ Vmnë¶m‘wio qH$dm AZoH$Xm
IS>H$ JmoR>ë¶m‘wio gwX²Ym IS>H$m§À¶m
{T>Jm§Mo VwH$S>o hmoVmV. ˶mMr ‘¥Xm ganQ>ʶmg ‘XV hmoVo.
~){eK« àdmh hmbMmb …{eK« àdmh hmbMmb …{eK« àdmh hmbMmb …{eK« àdmh hmbMmb …{eK« àdmh hmbMmb … IS>H$ ^y^mJmÀ¶m S>~am‘ܶo nmʶmMo à‘mU OmñV
Agë¶mg erK« hmbMmb hmoVo. ‘mVr àdmh d {MIb àdmh ( Mud Flow ) ho
¶mMr à‘wI CXmhaUo hmoV. XmoÝhr àH$mam‘ܶo Amoë¶m S>~amMr hmbMmb AmT>iyZ
¶oVo. {MIb àdmh Vrd« CVma Agboë¶m d doJù¶m dZñnVr Agboë¶m AZwHy$b
n[apñWVr AmT>iyZ ¶oVmo. {Z‘ewîH$ d ewîH$ àXoemVrb nd©Vmda {MIb àdmhmg
AZwHy$b narpñWVr AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. H$maU ¶m ^mJmV Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVtMm A^md
AgVmo VgoM AënH$mbmdYrgmR>r A{V nO©Ý¶ hmoV AgVmo. Vrd« CVma Agboë¶m
X‘Q> hdm‘mZ àXoemV Obg§n¥³V ‘mVr qH$dm ViIS>H$ CVmambm AZwgê$Z
Imbr KgaVmo ˶mg ‘mVr àdmh åhUVmV. nd©Vr¶ àXoe ObàdmhmVyZ Imob
^mJmH$S>o Jmi dmhVmo ˶mg {MIb àdmh åhUVmV.AmH¥$Vr 2.29 - ^y‘r KgaUAmH¥$Vr 2.29 - ^y‘r KgaUAmH¥$Vr 2.29 - ^y‘r KgaUAmH¥$Vr 2.29 - ^y‘r KgaUAmH¥$Vr 2.29 - ^y‘r KgaU
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AmH¥$Vr 2.30… {eK« àdmh hmbMmbAmH¥$Vr 2.30… {eK« àdmh hmbMmbAmH¥$Vr 2.30… {eK« àdmh hmbMmbAmH¥$Vr 2.30… {eK« àdmh hmbMmbAmH¥$Vr 2.30… {eK« àdmh hmbMmb
2)KgaU qH$dm ^y‘r KgaU hmbMmb … KgaU qH$dm ^y‘r KgaU hmbMmb … KgaU qH$dm ^y‘r KgaU hmbMmb … KgaU qH$dm ^y‘r KgaU hmbMmb … KgaU qH$dm ^y‘r KgaU hmbMmb … ‘mVr, S>~a d IS>H$ ¶mMr amer
JwéËdmH$f©Um‘wio Vrd« CVmamdê$Z Imbr nS>ʶmMr, KgaʶmMr AWdm dmhV OmʶmMr
{H«$¶m åhUOo ^y‘rnmV hmo¶. hr amer 1 YZ ‘r. nmgyZ 1 AãO KZ ‘rQ>a n¶ªV Agy
eH$Vo. ^anya nmD$g, ^yH§$n ¶m‘wio ^y{‘nmV A{YH$ hmoVmV. ^y{‘nmVmMo ^y-H$mogi
(Land Slide ) ^ygn©U Ago àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 1 … ^ y ‘ r K g a U A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 1 … ^ y ‘ r K g a U A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 1 … ^ y ‘ r K g a U A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 1 … ^ y ‘ r K g a U A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 1 … ^ y ‘ r K g a U
^yn¥îR> H$mogiUo …^yn¥îR> H$mogiUo …^yn¥îR> H$mogiUo …^yn¥îR> H$mogiUo …^yn¥îR> H$mogiUo …
IS>H$ d ‘mVr ¶m§Mr amer hdoVyZ ‘w³VnUo nS>ʶmÀ¶m {H«$¶og ^y•H$mogi åhUVmV.
ZXr, gmJar bmQ>m ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©‘wio H$no {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Vo AYm§Var {XgVmV. H$mbm§VamZo
H$S>o H$mogiVmV. Anj¶m‘wio Xþ^§Jbobo C§M H$S²>¶m§Mo ^mJ qH$dm XaS>r Imbr H$mogiVmV.
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A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 2 … ^ y - H $ m o g i A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 2 … ^ y - H $ m o g i A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 2 … ^ y - H $ m o g i A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 2 … ^ y - H $ m o g i A m H ¥ $ V r 2 . 3 2 … ^ y - H $ m o g i ^ygn©U …^ygn©U …^ygn©U …^ygn©U …^ygn©U …
IS>H$m§Mr amer A§VJm}b AWdm gnmQ> n¥îR>mdê$Z KgaVo ¶m {H«$¶og ^ygn©U
åhUVmV. H$mhr doim bjmdYr KZ Mm¡.‘r. IS>H$ amer KgaVmV. OJmVrb gdm©V
A{YH$ {dÜd§gH$ ^y{‘nmV åhUyZ ¶m ^ygn©Umg AmoiIbo OmVo.
^yàdhZ …^yàdhZ …^yàdhZ …^yàdhZ …^yàdhZ …
‘¥Xm d ^yg^yerV Amobga Pmbobo IS>H$ àdmhmà‘mUo KgaVmV ˶m§Zm ^yàdhZ Ago
åhUVmV.
g§‘rl ^y{‘nmV …g§‘rl ^y{‘nmV …g§‘rl ^y{‘nmV …g§‘rl ^y{‘nmV …g§‘rl ^y{‘nmV …
darbn¡H$s XmoÝhr qH$dm {VÝhr àH$mamZo ^y{‘nmV hmoVmo. ˶m§Zm g‘rl ^y{‘nmV
åhUVmV. ewîH$ KgaU à{H«$¶oV àm‘w»¶mZo H$moaS²>¶m nXmWmªM[ Imbr erK« hmbMmb
AT>iyZ ¶oVo. ^y{‘nmVmMo nXmWªZwgma àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. IS>H$ KgaU, S>~a KgaU
Am{U ^y‘r KgaU Ago {d{dY àH$ma nS>VmV. ˶mV ^y‘r KgaU ‘hËdmMr ‘mZbr
OmVo. ^w‘r KgaUm‘ܶo EImXm {demb IS>H$ d S>~a ˶mImbr Agboë¶m IS>H$mnmgyZ
AbJ hmoVmo Am{U CVmambm AZwgê$Z erK«nUo Imbr Kgam¶bm bmJVmo.
^y‘r KgaʶmMr H$maUo …^y‘r KgaʶmMr H$maUo …^y‘r KgaʶmMr H$maUo …^y‘r KgaʶmMr H$maUo …^y‘r KgaʶmMr H$maUo …
O‘rZ qH$dm ‘mVr KgaʶmMr {d{dY H$maUo AmhoV. ˶mVrb à‘wI H$maUo
nwT>rbà‘mUo hmoV.
A)IS>H$mMr aMZm IS>H$mMr aMZm IS>H$mMr aMZm IS>H$mMr aMZm IS>H$mMr aMZm … H$mhr IS>H$m§Mo Wa ho {dñH$irV Pmbobo AgVmV. Am{U
ApñWa AgVmV. {deofV… ñW[aV IS>H$mV Aer narpñWVr AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. Aer
g§aMZm Agbobm IS>H$ ^y‘r Kgaʶmg H$maUr^yV R>aVmo.
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2.6 ÒeMve meboYe& met®eer
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˶mbmM AmnU ^y{‘JV nmUr ¶m ZmdmZo g§~moYVmo. H$mhr nmUr ho dmhV AgVmZmM
dmVmdaUmVrb CîUVo‘wio ˶mMo ~mînr^dZ hmoVo d Vo naV ~mînê$nmZo nwÝhm
dmVmdaUm‘ܶo \o$H$bo OmVo. Oo nmUr CVmamÀ¶m {Xeobm AZwgê$Z àdmh ê$nmZo dmhÿ
bmJVo ˶mbmM ^yn¥îR>mdê$Z dmhUmao nmUr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. gwê$dmVrbm Omo EH$
bhmZgm Obàdmh AgVmo Vmo hiyhiy ^yn¥îR>mMr PrO KS>dyZ AmUVmo. ¶m àdmhmÀ¶mÛmao
C^o Am{U AmS>do (àdmhmbm b§~ê$n) Ago XmoÝhr àH$maMo IZZmMo H$m¶© KSy>Z ¶oVo.
˶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ Vmo Obàdmh hm A{YH$m{YH$ Imob OmVmo d nmíd©dVu IZZ
qH$dm Kf©U KSy>Z ¶oVo. ˶m‘wio Vmo Obàdmh A{YH$m{YH$ é§X hmoV OmVmo. ¶m ñdê$nmMr
à{H«$¶m hr gmV˶mZo gwê$ am{hë¶mZ§Va ˶m bhmZem Obàdmhmbm EImÚm ZXrMo ñdê$n
àmßV hmoVo Am{U hr ZXr Amnë¶m Imoè¶mMm hiyhiy {dH$mg H$ê$ bmJVo. hr ZXr dmhV
OmVmZm dmQ>oV ˶m ZXrbm BVa àXoem‘YyZ dmhmV ¶oUmè¶m AZoH$ CnZX¶m ¶oD$Z
{‘iVmV Am{U ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ˶m àXoem‘ܶo hiyhiy àdmh àUmbr {dH${gV
hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 3.2 … ZXrMm àdmhAmH¥$Vr 3.2 … ZXrMm àdmhAmH¥$Vr 3.2 … ZXrMm àdmhAmH¥$Vr 3.2 … ZXrMm àdmhAmH¥$Vr 3.2 … ZXrMm àdmh
3.23.23.23.23.2ZXrMo H$m`©•IZZ•dhZ d g§M`ZZXrMo H$m`©•IZZ•dhZ d g§M`ZZXrMo H$m`©•IZZ•dhZ d g§M`ZZXrMo H$m`©•IZZ•dhZ d g§M`ZZXrMo H$m`©•IZZ•dhZ d g§M`Z
ZXrMo H$m¶© (Work of River) ~{hJ©V e³VrÀ¶m H$maH$m§n¡H$s ZXr hm EH$ A{Ve¶
à^mdr H$maH$ g‘Obm OmVmo. ZXrÀ¶m Ûmao à˶j ^yn¥îR>mda Oo H$m¶© KSy>Z ¶oVo Vo H$m¶©
{Ì{dY ñdê$nmMo ( T h r e e f o l d w o r k ) AgVo Vo Imbrbà‘mUo Amho. (1) IZZ/Kf©U/
Anj¶/PrO (Erosion) (2) dhZmMo H$m¶© (Transportaion) ( 3 ) g § M ¶ Z /
{Zjon(Deposition)
ho VrZhr àH$maMo H$m¶© nyU©nUo ñdV§Ì ñdénmMo AgV Zmhr, Va Vo nañnamda
Adb§~yZ AgVo ¶mMmM AW© Agm H$s Á¶m ZXrMr dhZ H$aʶmMr j‘Vm ‘moR>r AgVo
VrM ZXr IZZ H$m¶© gwÜXm ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmda H$ê$ eH$Vo Am{U AemM àH$maÀ¶m
ZXrÀ¶mÛmao g§M¶Z H$m¶© gwÜXm ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV KSy>Z ¶oVo.
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ZXrÀ¶m àdmhm~amo~a EHy$U VrZ àH$maMo nXmW© dmhV OmV AgVmV. ˶m‘ܶo
IS>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o, dmiy, ~marH$ aoVr, dZñnVr d àmʶmMo Ad{eîR> ^mJ ¶mVrb Oo
dOZmZo OS> nXmW© AgVmV Vo ZXrÀ¶m Vi^mJmbm Kf©U H$ê$Z nwT>o-nwT>o dmhV OmVmV.
¶m CbQ> H°$pëe¶‘ H$m~m}ZoQ>gmaIo jma nXmW© ZXrÀ¶m nmʶm‘ܶo {daKiyZ
àdmhm~amo~a nwT>o nwT>o dmhV OmVmV ¶m VrZ àH$maÀ¶m nXmWmªZm AZwH«$‘o (1) YZ
nXmW©(Solid Material) , (2) Va§JVo nXmW© (Flowting Material) ( 3 ) { d a K i b o b o
nXmW© ( Dissolved Material ) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ¶m gd© nXmWmªMm {‘iyZ Omo EH$
àH$maMm Jmi {Z‘m©U hmoVmo, ˶mbm (Alluvium) ZXrMm Jmi Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ZXr
àdmhmMr dhZ H$aʶmMr j‘Vm hr àm‘w»¶mZo à‘wI XmoZ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo Vo
KQ>H$ Imbrb à‘mUo AgVmV.
ZXr àdmhmÀ¶m Ûmao Oo IZZ Anj¶, Kf©U H$m¶© KSy>Z ¶oVo Vo EHy$U XmoZ àH$maMo
AgVo.
(i) amgm¶{ZH$ IZZ amgm¶{ZH$ IZZ amgm¶{ZH$ IZZ amgm¶{ZH$ IZZ amgm¶{ZH$ IZZ (Chemical Erosion) …………… ZXrMm àdmh dmhV AgVmZm ˶m
nmʶm‘ܶo dmVmdaUmVrb {d{dY dm¶wê$n nXmW© {‘gibobo AgVmV ˶m§Mr
amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶m hr ZXrÀ¶m àdmh ‘mJm©Vrb IS>H$m§À¶mda KSy>Z ¶oVo.
˶m‘wio IS>H$m§Mo amgm`{ZH$ {dXmaU hmoD$Z IS>H$/I{ZOo {daKiVmV.
(ii) ¶m§{ÌH$ IZZ¶m§{ÌH$ IZZ¶m§{ÌH$ IZZ¶m§{ÌH$ IZZ¶m§{ÌH$ IZZ (Mechanical Erosion) …………… ZXrMm àdmh dmhV AgVmZm
dmh˶m nmʶmMm AmKmV hm àdmh ‘mJm©Vrb IS>H$m§À¶mda hmoVmo d ¶m
AmKmVmMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ^yn¥îR>mdarb IS>H$m§Mr ‘moS>VmoS> hmoVo Am{U ZXrbm
àmßV Pmbobo nXmW©/KQ>H$ dmh˶m nmʶm~amo~a dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV ¶mbmM
¶m§{ÌH$ IZZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. IZZ H$m¶m©‘ܶo Oo {d{dY nXmW© ZXràdmhmbm
àmßV hmoVmV ˶mbmM (Alluvium) ZXrMm Jmi Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ˶mn¡H$s
A{YH$m§e nXmW© IZZmZoM àmßV hmoVmV Am{U åhUyZ ZXrÀ¶m Ûmao Or ^wê$n
{Z{‘©Vr hmoVo ˶m‘ܶo amgm¶{ZH$ IZZmnojm ¶m§{ÌH$ IZZ hoM ‘hÎdmMo AgVo
ho IZZ XmoZ àH$maMo hmoV AgVo.
AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr AmH¥$Vr 3.3 ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmVrb dhZ3.3 ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmVrb dhZ3.3 ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmVrb dhZ3.3 ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmVrb dhZ3.3 ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmVrb dhZ
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(A) b§~dVu qH$dm C^o IZZ b§~dVu qH$dm C^o IZZ b§~dVu qH$dm C^o IZZ b§~dVu qH$dm C^o IZZ b§~dVu qH$dm C^o IZZ (((((Vertical Erosion )))))… ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmVrb nmʶmMm
AmKmV hm ZXrÀ¶m Vi^mJmVrb IS>H$m§da KSy>Z ¶oD$Z ZXrMo nmÌ ho hiy•-hiy Imob
hmoV OmVo ¶mbmM b§~dVu qH$dm C^o IZZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
(~) nmíd©dVu qH$dm AmS>do IZZ nmíd©dVu qH$dm AmS>do IZZ nmíd©dVu qH$dm AmS>do IZZ nmíd©dVu qH$dm AmS>do IZZ nmíd©dVu qH$dm AmS>do IZZ (((((Lateral Ersion )))))… ZXrÀ¶m n«dmhmVrb
nmʶmMm àdmh hm ZXrÀ¶m XmoÝhr Vramdarb àXoemV IZZ hmoD$Z ZXrMo nmÌ ho hiy-
hiy é§X ~ZV OmVo ¶mbmM nmíd©dVu qH$dm AmS>do IZZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
ZXr àdmhmMm doJ H$‘r Pmë¶mZ§Va ˶m ZXrMr dhZ H$aʶmMr j‘Vmhr H$‘r hmoV
OmVo Am{U ˶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ZXr àdmhm~amo~a dmhÿZ Amboë¶m JmimMo g§M¶Z
KSy>Z ¶oVo d ˶m g§MZmnmgyZ H$mhr ^yê$nm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. AmH¥$Vr ‘ܶo ZXr àdmhmMo
Q>ßno H$go AgVmV Vo XmIdbobo AmhoV.
ZXr àdmhmMo Q>ßno d ZXrMo H$m¶© (1) ZXr àdmhmMm daMm Q>ßnm (Upper
course ) ( 2 ) Z X r à d m h m M m ‘ Y b m Q > ß n m (Middle course ) (3) ZXr àdmhmMm
ImbMm Q>ßnm (Lower course )
AmH¥$Vr 3.4 : ZXr àdmhmMo Q>ßno d ZXrMo H$m¶©AmH¥$Vr 3.4 : ZXr àdmhmMo Q>ßno d ZXrMo H$m¶©AmH¥$Vr 3.4 : ZXr àdmhmMo Q>ßno d ZXrMo H$m¶©AmH¥$Vr 3.4 : ZXr àdmhmMo Q>ßno d ZXrMo H$m¶©AmH¥$Vr 3.4 : ZXr àdmhmMo Q>ßno d ZXrMo H$m¶©
gd© gm‘mݶnUo ZXrMm CJ‘ hm C§M Aem nd©Vr¶ àXoem‘ܶo hmoVmo Am{U ¶m
CJ‘ñWmZmnmgyZ ZXr Á¶m {R>H$mUr ‘hmgmJambm ¶oD$Z {‘iVo ˶m ZXr ‘wImn¶ªV Omo
g§nyU© ZXr àdmh AgVmo ˶mbmM Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ¶m à˶oH$ ^mJm‘ܶo ZXrMo H$m¶©
{^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ñdê$nmMo Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo.
3.33.33.33.33.3ZXrÀ`m daÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb IZZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m daÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb IZZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m daÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb IZZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m daÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb IZZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m daÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb IZZmMr ^yê$no
(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)ZXr àdmhmMm daMm Q>ßnmZXr àdmhmMm daMm Q>ßnmZXr àdmhmMm daMm Q>ßnmZXr àdmhmMm daMm Q>ßnmZXr àdmhmMm daMm Q>ßnm (((((Upper course )))))……………
ZXrMm CJ‘ nd©Vr¶ àXoem‘ܶo Pmë¶mZ§Va CJ‘ñWmZmnmgyZ Vo nd©Vr¶ àXoe
g§non¶ªV Omo ZXrMm àdmh ‘mJ© AgVmo ˶mMm g‘mdoe hm ZXràdmhmÀ¶m n{hë¶m
Q>ß߶m‘ܶo Ho$bm OmVmo. ¶m {d^mJmV àXoemMm CVma hm A{Ve¶ Vrd« ñdê$nmMm
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Agë¶mH$maUmZo ZXr àdmh A{Ve¶ ObX JVrZo dmhV AgVmo. {edm¶ ¶m {d^mJmV
ZXrbm ¶oD$Z {‘iUmè¶m CnZX¶m§Mr g§»¶mhr A{Ve¶ H$‘r AgVo. nmʶmÀ¶m
àdmhmMm doJ hm ‘mÌ OmñV AgVmo. ˶m‘wio ZXr àdmhmMr dhZ e³Vr hr A{YH$
AgVo. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ¶m Q>ß߶mV ZXrÀ¶m àdmhm~amo~a ‘moR>o-‘moR>o IS>H$m§Mo
VwH$S>o, dZñnVr Am{U àmUr ¶m§Mo Ad{eîQ> ^mJ ¶m gma»¶m OS> nXmWm©Mohr dhZ
ghO[aVrZo KSy>Z ¶oVo. dhZ e³Vr àM§S> Agë¶mZo ZXr àdmhmÀ¶m Ûmao {dÜd§gH$ H$m¶©
(Destructive work ) h o M ‘ m o R > ¶ m à ‘ m U m d a K S y > Z ¶ o V o A m { U a M Z m Ë ‘ H $ H $ m ¶ ©
(Constructive work ) ‘ m Ì K S y > Z ¶ o V Z m h r . Ë ¶ m ‘ w i o Z X r à d m h m À ¶ m ¶ m Q > ß ß ¶ m V n w T > r b
^yê$nm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.
(i)V A m H $ m a m M r X a r ( A m H $ m a m M r X a r ( A m H $ m a m M r X a r ( A m H $ m a m M r X a r ( A m H $ m a m M r X a r ( V Shaped Valley )…)…)…)…)… ZXr àdmhmÀ¶m daÀ¶m
Q>ß߶m‘ܶo ZXrMm àdmh ‘mJ© Oa ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$m§Zr ¶w³V Agob Va ZXr àdmhmÀ¶m
b§~dVu d Cä¶m IZZmMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ZXrbm AmH¥$Vr‘ܶo Xe©{dë¶mà‘mUo Aê§$X
AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo ˶mbm V AmH$mamMr Xar Ago åhUVmV. ¶m XarMm AmH$ma
B§J«OrYrb V AmH$mamgmaIm AgVmo. ¶m XarMr Imobr ê§$Xrnojm H$‘r AgVo. CXm.
{dembJS>Odi ‘MHw§$Xr ZXrMr Xar d I§S>mù¶mOdirb Cëhmg ZXrMr Xar gmYmaV…
OmñV nmdgmÀ¶m àXoemV ZXrMr V AmH$mamMr ZXr AmT>iVo.
AmH¥$Vr 3.5 : AmH¥$Vr 3.5 : AmH¥$Vr 3.5 : AmH¥$Vr 3.5 : AmH¥$Vr 3.5 : V AmH$mamMr XarAmH$mamMr XarAmH$mamMr XarAmH$mamMr XarAmH$mamMr Xar
(2) K i B © ( K i B © ( K i B © ( K i B © ( K i B © ( River Gorge )…)…)…)…)…ZXrÀ¶m àdmh‘mJm©V H$R>rU IS>H$ Amë¶mg
ZXrÀ¶m H$mR>mnojm Vi^mJmMr PrO A{YH$ hmoVo. C^o IZZ ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmda hmoVo.
ZXrMm àdmh ‘mJ© Oa H${R>U IS>H$m§Zr ~Zbobm Agob Va ZXrMr KiB© hm
^yAmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. CXm. g§¶w³V g§ñWmZm ‘Yrb H$mobmoa°S>mo ZXr Á¶m àXoemVyZ dmhVo
˶m {R>H$mUr ZXrZo Cä¶m ñdê$nmMo IZZ H$m¶© H$ê$Z EH$ àM§S> ñdê$nmMr KiB©
{Z‘m©U Ho$bobr Amho, ˶mbmM "" Grand Canyon '' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. KiB©Mo CVma
Vrd« AgVmV. CXm. qgYy, gVbO, Z‘©Xm Am{U ~«ô‘nwÌm ZXrZo KiB© V¶ma Ho$ë¶m
AmhoV.
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AmH¥$Vr 3.6 : KiB©AmH¥$Vr 3.6 : KiB©AmH¥$Vr 3.6 : KiB©AmH¥$Vr 3.6 : KiB©AmH¥$Vr 3.6 : KiB©
(3) EH$‘oH$m§V Jw§Vbobo S>m|JamMo ~mhÿ (EH$‘oH$m§V Jw§Vbobo S>m|JamMo ~mhÿ (EH$‘oH$m§V Jw§Vbobo S>m|JamMo ~mhÿ (EH$‘oH$m§V Jw§Vbobo S>m|JamMo ~mhÿ (EH$‘oH$m§V Jw§Vbobo S>m|JamMo ~mhÿ ( Interlocking Spurs )…)…)…)…)… ZXr C§Mmdarb
S>m|Jami àXoemV CJ‘ nmdVo. gwédmVrbm-ZXrÀ¶m CJ‘mOdirb àXoemV ZXrÀ¶m
nmÌmVrb nmʶmMo à‘mU H$‘r AgVo. dmQ>oV Amboë¶m S>m|JamÀ¶m ~mhÿ§Zm( Spurs ) d i g m
KmbyZ Vr nwT>o gaH$Vo. ¶m‘wio {VMm àdmh diUm-‹d>iUmMm hmoVmo d S>m|JamMo ~mhÿ
EH$‘oH$m§‘ܶo Jw§Vë¶mgmaIo {XgVmV.
(4)Iimi (Iimi (Iimi (Iimi (Iimi ( Rapids )…)…)…)…)… ZXrÀ¶m VQ>mda H$R>rU d ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$ Agë¶mg ZXrÀ¶m
àdmhm‘wio ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$m§Mr H$R>rU IS>H$m§nojm OmñV PrO hmoVo. ˶m‘wio ZXrÀ¶m ‘mJm©V
Vrd« CVma V¶ma hmoVmo. ˶mdê$Z ZXrMo nmUr A{YH$ doJmZo-IiIiV dmhVo ¶m‘wio
˶mg Iimi ( Rapids ) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 3.7 … IimiAmH¥$Vr 3.7 … IimiAmH¥$Vr 3.7 … IimiAmH¥$Vr 3.7 … IimiAmH¥$Vr 3.7 … Iimi
(5)ObànmV (ObànmV (ObànmV (ObànmV (ObànmV ( Water Falls )))))…………… ObànmVm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr ZXràdmhmÀ¶m daÀ¶m
Q>ß߶m‘ܶo àdmhmÀ¶m Ûmao Oo Ag‘mZ IZZ H$m¶© KSy>Z ¶oVo ˶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ
KSy>Z ¶oVo. Oa ZXrMm àdmh ‘mJ© EH$mM àH$maÀ¶m Am{U EH$M àH$maÀ¶m Am{U EH$M
KZVm AgUmè¶m IS>H$m§Zr ~Zbobm Agob Va ˶mdoir ZXrMo IZZ H$m¶© g‘mZ
ñdê$nm‘ܶo KSy>Z ¶oB©b. ZXràdmhmMm CVma gwÜXm g‘mZ amhrb Am{U Aem doir
ObànmV {Z‘m©U hmoUma ZmhrV. na§Vw ZXrMm àdmh H${R>U Am{U ‘¥Xþ IS>H$m§Mm Agob Va
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‘mÌ ZXr àdmhmÀ¶m Ûmao Ag‘mZ IZZ KSy>Z ¶oB©b. ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$m§Mr PrO A{YH$ à‘mUmV
hmoB©b. Va H${R>U IS>H$m§Mr PrO H$‘r à‘mUmV hmoB©b. H${R>U IS>H$m§Mo ^mJ ZXr
àdmhmbm AS>Wim {Z‘m©U H$aVrb ˶m‘wio ZXràdmhmVrb nmUr H${R>U IS>H$mÀ¶m ^mJm
dê$Z ObànmVmÀ¶m ñdê$nmV doJmZo Imbr H$mogiob H${R>U IS>H$m§Mr PwH$ʶmMr {Xem
ZXr àdmhmÀ¶m {XeoÀ¶m Oa {dê$ÜX Agob Va Aemdoir ‘mÌ {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ObànmV
AënH$mi {Q>H$Umao AgVrb. Aem ObànmVm§Zm AñW¶r ObànmV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
ZXrÀ¶m àdmh ‘mJm©‘ܶo Oa H${R>U IS>H$ b§~ê$n ñdénm‘ܶo Agob Va Aem àH$maMo
ObànmV ‘mÌ {XK©H$mi {Q>H$Umao AgVmV. H${R>U Am{U ‘¥Xþ IS>H$m§Mo Wa Oa {jVrO
g‘m§Va {XeoZo ngabobo AgVrb Va ¶m n[apñWVhr ObànmV {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.na§Vw
¶màH$maMo ObànmV pñWa ñdê$nmMo ZgVmV. H${R>U IS>H$mdê$Z ZXr àdmhmVrb nmUr
doJmZo H$mogiyZ ˶m nmʶmÀ¶m AmKmVmZo ‘¥Xþ IS>H$mMr VimMr gVV PrO hmoV amhVo
Am{U ˶m {R>H$mUr IS²>S>o {Z‘m©U hmoVmV ˶m§ZmM ànmVJV©ànmVJV©ànmVJV©ànmVJV©ànmVJV© Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 3.8 … Y~Y~mAmH¥$Vr 3.8 … Y~Y~mAmH¥$Vr 3.8 … Y~Y~mAmH¥$Vr 3.8 … Y~Y~mAmH¥$Vr 3.8 … Y~Y~m
(6)am§OU IiJo(am§OU IiJo(am§OU IiJo(am§OU IiJo(am§OU IiJo( Pot Holes )…)…)…)…)… ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmV Agbobm AUHw$MrXma IS>H$
Xþgè¶m XJS>m‘wio nwT>o OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. ZXrÀ¶m OmoaXma àdmhm‘wio Vmo
OmJÀ¶m OmJr JmobmH$ma {’$aVmo. ˶mÀ¶m AUHw$MrXma H$monè¶m§‘wio ~mOyÀ¶m IS>H$m§Mr
PrO hmoD$Z JmobmH$ma ImobJQ> IS²>S>m ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmV V¶ma hmoVmo. ˶mbm am§OUIiJmam§OUIiJmam§OUIiJmam§OUIiJmam§OUIiJm
(Pot hole )Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 3.9 … am§OU IiJmAmH¥$Vr 3.9 … am§OU IiJmAmH¥$Vr 3.9 … am§OU IiJmAmH¥$Vr 3.9 … am§OU IiJmAmH¥$Vr 3.9 … am§OU IiJm
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3.43.43.43.43.4ZXrÀ`m _Yë`m d ImbÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb g§M`ZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m _Yë`m d ImbÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb g§M`ZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m _Yë`m d ImbÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb g§M`ZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m _Yë`m d ImbÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb g§M`ZmMr ^yê$noZXrÀ`m _Yë`m d ImbÀ`m Q>ß`mVrb g§M`ZmMr ^yê$no
ZXr àdmhmMm ‘Ybm Q>ßnm ZXr àdmhmMm ‘Ybm Q>ßnm ZXr àdmhmMm ‘Ybm Q>ßnm ZXr àdmhmMm ‘Ybm Q>ßnm ZXr àdmhmMm ‘Ybm Q>ßnm (((((Middle Course )…)…)…)…)…
S>m|Jami àXoe g§nyZ Á¶mdoir ZXrMm àdmh H$mhrgm gIb àXoem‘ܶo àdoe H$aVmo
˶m àXoemnmgyZ Vo ‘¡XmZr àXoembm gwédmV hmoB©n¶ªV Omo ZXrMm ‘mJ© AgVmo Vmo ^mJ
hm ZXràdmhmÀ¶m ‘Yë¶m Q>ß߶m‘ܶo ¶oVmo. ¶m àXoem‘ܶo daÀ¶m Q>ß߶mÀ¶m VwbZoZo
àXoemMm CVma H$‘r Pmbobm AgVmo. ˶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ZXr àdmhmMm doJ hm gwÜXm
H$mhrgm ‘§Xmdbobm AgVmo ˶mM ~amo~a ‘w»¶ ZXrbm BVa àXoemVyZ AZoH$ CnZX¶m
¶oD$Z {‘iV AgVmV. ˶m‘wio ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmVrb nmʶmMo à‘mU dmT>bobo AgVo. ¶m
gd© KQ>H$m§Mm ZXrÀ¶m H$m¶m©da à^md nS>Vmo. ‘Yë¶m Q>ß߶m‘ܶo ZXràdmhmÀ¶mÛmao Ho$di
IZZ H$m¶©M KSy>Z Z ¶oVm H$mhr à‘mUm‘ܶo g§M¶Z H$m¶© gwÜXm KSy>Z ¶oVo. ˶mMà‘mUo
Oo IZZmMo H$m¶© hmoVo Vo Cä¶m IZZmnojm nmíd©dVu IZZ ho A{YH$ ‘hÎdnyU© AgVo
Am{U ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ZXrMo nmÌ ho é§XmdV OmVo ¶m Q>ß߶m‘ܶo Imbrb ^yAmH$ma
{Z‘m©U Pmbobo {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 3.10… JmimMo n§IoAmH¥$Vr 3.10… JmimMo n§IoAmH¥$Vr 3.10… JmimMo n§IoAmH¥$Vr 3.10… JmimMo n§IoAmH¥$Vr 3.10… JmimMo n§Io
(7)JmimMo n§Io (JmimMo n§Io (JmimMo n§Io (JmimMo n§Io (JmimMo n§Io ( Alluvial Fans )…)…)…)…)… nd©Vr¶ àXoe g§ndyZ Á¶mdoir ZXrMm àdmh
hm nd©VmÀ¶m nm¶Ï¶mer ¶oVmo. ˶mdoir ZXr àdmhmMm doJ A{Ve¶ ‘§X Pmbobm AgVmo
Am{U ZXràdmhm~amo~a dmhÿZ Amboë¶m JmimMo g§M¶Z ho nd©VmÀ¶m nm¶Ï¶mer gmV˶mZo
hmoV amhVo ¶m ñdê$nmÀ¶m gVVÀ¶m g§M¶ZmMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ nd©VmÀ¶m nm¶Ï¶mOdi
JmimMo n§Io(‘¡XmZo) {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m ‘¡XmZm§Mm AmH$ma hm H$mhrgm n§»¶mà‘mUo
Agë¶mH$maUmZo ¶m ‘¡XmZr àXoem§Zm n§»¶mÀ¶m AmH$mamMr ‘¡XmZo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. g§¶w³V
g§ñWmZm§‘ܶo H°${b’$mo{Z©¶m ¶m amÁ¶m‘ܶo ¶m àH$maMr n§»¶mÀ¶m AmH$mamMr ‘¡XmZo {Z‘m©U
Pmbobr AmhoV. {deofV… H°${b’$mo{Z©¶m ¶m amÁ¶m‘ܶo ¶m ‘¡XmZr àXoemMm dmna hm
’$bmoX¶mZ Am{U H¥$fr CËnmXZmgmR>r ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
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(3)ZXr àdmhmMm ImbMm Q>ßnm (ZXr àdmhmMm ImbMm Q>ßnm (ZXr àdmhmMm ImbMm Q>ßnm (ZXr àdmhmMm ImbMm Q>ßnm (ZXr àdmhmMm ImbMm Q>ßnm ( Lower Course )…)…)…)…)… ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmZo
‘¡XmZr àXoem‘ܶo àdoe Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Vmo ZXrMm àdmh ‘hmgmJambm {‘ion¶ªV åhUOoM
ZXr‘wImn¶ªV Omo g§nyU© àXoe AgVmo ˶mMm g‘mdoe hm ZXràdmhmÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m
Q>ß߶m‘ܶo hmoVmo. ¶m àXoem‘ܶo ^yn¥îR>mMm CVma hm A˶§V ‘§X ñdê$nmMm AgVmo
˶m‘wio ZXr àdmhmVrb nmʶmMm doJ hm gwÜXm A{Ve¶ H$‘r AgVmo ZXr àdmhmVrb
nmUr ho A{Ve¶ g§WJVrZo dmhmV AgVo. ˶mM~amo~a ‘w»¶ ZXrbm ¶oD$Z {‘iUmè¶m
CnZX¶m§Mr g§»¶m hr XoIrb A{YH$ AgVo Am{U ˶m ‘moR>¶m {dñVmamÀ¶m AgVmV.
˶m‘wio ‘w»¶ ZXrÀ¶m àdmhm‘ܶo nmʶmMo à‘mU ^anya AgVo. ‘mÌ nmʶmMm doJ hm
A{Ve¶ H$‘r AgVmo. ˶m‘wio dhZ e³Vr gwÜXm A{Ve¶ H$‘r Pmbobr AgVo. Va
IZZ H$m¶m©Mm Odi-Odi A^mdM AgVmo ˶m‘wio g§M¶Z qH$dm aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©
hoM ‘hÎdnyU© AgVo. ¶m Q>ß߶m‘ܶo ZXr‘mJm©‘ܶo nwT>rb ^yAmH$ma {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
(8)nya‘¡XmZo d nyaVQ> (Z¡g{J©H$ ~m§Y) nya‘¡XmZo d nyaVQ> (Z¡g{J©H$ ~m§Y) nya‘¡XmZo d nyaVQ> (Z¡g{J©H$ ~m§Y) nya‘¡XmZo d nyaVQ> (Z¡g{J©H$ ~m§Y) nya‘¡XmZo d nyaVQ> (Z¡g{J©H$ ~m§Y) (((((Flood plains and Natural levees or
embankments )))))…………… ‘w»¶ ZXr Am{U {VÀ¶m CnZX¶m ¶m§Zm Á¶mdoir nya ¶oVmV ˶mdoir
nyamMo nmUr ‘w»¶ ZXrÀ¶m nmÌm‘ܶo gm‘mdy eH$V Zmhr.
ho nmUr ZXrÀ¶m XmoÝhr Vramdarb àXoemV {dñV¥V ^y^mJmda ngaVo ¶m ngaboë¶m
nmʶm~amo~a Omo Jmi dmhÿZ ¶oVmo ˶mMo g§M¶Z hmoD$Z {dñV¥V AmH$mamMr nya‘¡XmZo V¶ma
hmoVmV. hr ‘¡XmZo H¥$fr ì¶dgm¶mgmR>r A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdnyU© ‘mZbr OmVmV. nwamÀ¶m
nmʶm~amo~a nd©Vr¶ àXoem‘YyZ dmhÿZ Ambobo IS>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o dmiy, aoVr, dZñnVr
Am{U àmUr ¶m§Mo Ad{eîR> ^mJ ¶m gma»¶m nXmWm©Mo g§M¶Z ZXràdmhmOdirb XmoÝhr
Vramda KSy>Z ¶oVo. ¶m ñdê$nmÀ¶m g§M¶Zm‘wio ˶m àXoemMr C§Mr dmT>Vo Am{U
H$mbm§VamZo Oo ~m§Y {Z‘m©U hmoVmV ˶m§ZmM nyaVQ> qH$dm Z¡g{J©H$ ~m§YZ¡g{J©H$ ~m§YZ¡g{J©H$ ~m§YZ¡g{J©H$ ~m§YZ¡g{J©H$ ~m§Y Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
nyaVQ>m§À¶mÛmao nya ‘¡XmZm§Mo g§ajU Ho$bo OmVo na§Vw Oa EImÚm dfu ZXr àdmhmbm àM§S>
ñdénmMm nya Ambm Va nwamÀ¶m nmʶmÀ¶m VS>m»¶mZo nyaVQ>mMo H$mhr ^mJ {dI§S>rV
hmoVmV ¶mdoir ‘mÌ ZXrMo nmUr XmoÝhr Vramdarb àXoemV Xÿa A§Vamn¶ªV ngê$Z
nyapñWVrMr ^¶mZH$Vm dmT>Vo. nm{H$ñVmZ‘Yrb qgY àm§Vm‘ܶo qgYy ZXrZo ¶m ñdê$nmMo
nya VQ> {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo AmhoV. MrZ‘Yrb hmoA±J hmo ZXrbm "MrZMo Aly' Ago
åhUVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 3.11 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUoAmH¥$Vr 3.11 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUoAmH¥$Vr 3.11 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUoAmH¥$Vr 3.11 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUoAmH¥$Vr 3.11 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUo
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(9)ZmJ‘moS>r diUo d YZwî¶mH¥$Vr/M§ÐmH¥$Vr gamodao ZmJ‘moS>r diUo d YZwî¶mH¥$Vr/M§ÐmH¥$Vr gamodao ZmJ‘moS>r diUo d YZwî¶mH¥$Vr/M§ÐmH¥$Vr gamodao ZmJ‘moS>r diUo d YZwî¶mH¥$Vr/M§ÐmH¥$Vr gamodao ZmJ‘moS>r diUo d YZwî¶mH¥$Vr/M§ÐmH¥$Vr gamodao (((((Meanders and
Ox-box lakes ) : O a Z X r À ¶ m à d m h m À ¶ m ‘ m J m © ‘ Ü ¶ o E I m X m H $ { R > U I S > H $ m M m
AS>Wim {Z‘m©U Pmbm Va Vmo AS>Wim Xÿa H$aʶmMr j‘Vm ˶m ZXràdmhm‘ܶo ZgVo
Aemdoir Vmo ZXràdmh EImXo bhmZgo diU KoD$Z dmhÿ bmJVmo ¶m diUmÀ¶m
Am§VadH«$ ~mOyda
AmH¥$Vr 3.13 … Hw§$S>bmH$ma gamodamMr {Z{‘©VrAmH¥$Vr 3.13 … Hw§$S>bmH$ma gamodamMr {Z{‘©VrAmH¥$Vr 3.13 … Hw§$S>bmH$ma gamodamMr {Z{‘©VrAmH¥$Vr 3.13 … Hw§$S>bmH$ma gamodamMr {Z{‘©VrAmH¥$Vr 3.13 … Hw§$S>bmH$ma gamodamMr {Z{‘©Vr
hiy hiy PrO KSy>Z ¶ody bmJVo Am{U ~{hdH«$ ~mOwbm H$mhr H$mhr à‘mUm‘ܶo
g§M¶Z H$m¶© KSy>Z ¶oVo. ¶m ñdê$nmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ diUmMm {dñVma
AmH¥$Vr ‘ܶo Xe©{dë¶mà‘mUo dmT>V OmVmo Am{U Vmo ZXràdmh ZmJ‘moS>r diUmZo dmhÿ
bmJVmo. Aem àH$maÀ¶m àdmhmbmM ZmJ‘moS>r diUo "" Meanders '' Ago åhQ>bo
OmVo. PrO Am{U g§M¶Z ¶m ñdénmMr à{H«$¶m hr dfm©Zwdf} gwé am{hë¶mZ§Va diUmMm
{dñVma hiy-hiy dmT>V OmdyZ ˶m diUmMr " C' AmH$mamMr XmoÝhr Q>moHo$ EH$‘oH$m§Zm
{‘iVmV Am{U ZXrMm àdmh gai ‘mJm©Zo dmhÿ bmJVmo. ZXrÀ¶m Vramda Omo diUmMm
^mJ {Z‘m©U Pmbobm AgVmo ˶mbmM YZwî¶mH¥$Vr qH$dm M§ÐmH¥$Vr gamoda qH$dm Hw§$S>bmH$ma
gamoda Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr 3.12 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUmMo N>oXAmH¥$Vr 3.12 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUmMo N>oXAmH¥$Vr 3.12 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUmMo N>oXAmH¥$Vr 3.12 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUmMo N>oXAmH¥$Vr 3.12 … ZmJ‘moS>r diUmMo N>oX
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(10) {Ì^yO àXoe((10) {Ì^yO àXoe((10) {Ì^yO àXoe((10) {Ì^yO àXoe((10) {Ì^yO àXoe( Delta )))))… ZXr
àdmhmÀ¶m {Vgè¶m Q>ß߶m‘ܶo g§M¶Z
H$m¶m©Mm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ {Ì^yO àXoemMr
{Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ZXr àdmhm~amo~a Omo Jmi
dmhÿZ ¶oVmo ˶m JmimMo g§M¶Z ZXr Á¶m
{R>H$mUr gmJambm {‘iVo ˶m {R>H$mUr
ZXrÀ¶m ‘wImOdi ‘§XJVrZo KSy>Z ¶oVo.
¶m ñdê$nmMr à{H«$¶m hr dfm©Zwdf} gwé
am{hë¶mZ§Va ZXrÀ¶m ‘wImMm ^mJ JmimZo
^ê$Z ¶oVmo. ‘w»¶ ZXr àdmhmbm ˶m‘wio
AS>Wim {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. AS>Wim Xÿa
H$aʶmMr j‘Vm ˶m ZXr àdmhm‘ܶo
AgV Zmhr ˶m‘wio g§M¶Z Pmboë¶m
JmimÀ¶m {R>H$mUr Á¶m-Á¶m {R>H$mUr
H$‘Hw$dV ^mJ AgVmo. ˶m- ˶m
{RH$mUmhÿZ Obàdmh dmhÿ bmJVmo. ˶m‘wio
ZXr AZoH$ ‘wIm§Zr ‘hmgmJambm OmD$Z
{‘iVo.>
{^ÝZ ñdê$nmÀ¶m ¶m ObàdmhmÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ Oo JmimMo g§M¶Z AgVo ˶mMm
AmH$ma H$mhrgm {ÌH$moUmH¥$Vr AgVmo åhUyZ ˶m àXoembm {Ì^yOàXoe Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
{Ì^yO àXoem‘ܶo JmimMo g§M¶Z Agë¶mZo Aem àH$maMo àXoe H¥$fr ì¶dgm¶mgmR>r
A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdnyU© R>aVmV. CXm. J§JmZXrMm {Ì^yO àXoe, H¥$îUm, H$mdoar, JmoXmdar ¶m
ZX¶m§Mo {Ì^yO àXoe, Am{’«$Ho$Vrb ZmB©b ZXrMm {Ì^yO àXoe, MrZ‘Yrb ¶m§JËgr ZXrMm
{Ì^yO àXoe, å¶mZ‘ma ¶m XoemVrb BamdVr ZXrMm {Ì^yO àXoe, pìhEV‘mZ ‘Yrb
‘oH$m°J ZXrMm {Ì^yO àXoe, ¶m§Zm H¥$fr ì¶dgm¶m~m~VrV ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo Amho.
AmH¥$Vr 3.14 {Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.14 {Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.14 {Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.14 {Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.14 {Ì^wO àXoe
AmH¥$Vr 3.15 EH$‘wIrAmH¥$Vr 3.15 EH$‘wIrAmH¥$Vr 3.15 EH$‘wIrAmH¥$Vr 3.15 EH$‘wIrAmH¥$Vr 3.15 EH$‘wIr
AmH¥$Vr 3.16 [Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.16 [Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.16 [Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.16 [Ì^wO àXoeAmH¥$Vr 3.16 [Ì^wO àXoe
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3.5 meejebMe / meceejesHe
3.6 ÒeMve meboYe& met®eer
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{h‘mÀ¶m Wam§Mm nañnam§da Agbobm ^ma, àXoemMm CVma Am{U JwéËdmH$f©U
e³Vr ¶m‘wio {h‘joÌmVyZ ~’$m©À¶m amer {h‘ZX¶m§À¶m énmZo nwT>onwT>o gaH$V AgVo.
OmñV C§MrH$Sy>Z H$‘r C§MrH$Sy>Z gaH$Umam ~’$m©Mm g‘wXm¶ åhUOo {h‘ZXr hmo¶. ~’$m©Mo
nmʶmV ê$nm§Va hmoʶmÀ¶m à‘mUmdahr {h‘ZXrÀ¶m {dH$mg Am{U {dñVma Adb§~yZ
AgVmo. ~’© {dViʶmnojm {h‘dfm©dmMo à‘mU OmñV Agob Va {h‘ZXr ~è¶mM Xÿan¶ªV
dmhV OmD$ eH$Vo. {h‘ZXr nwT>o nwT>o OmVmZm Á¶m àXoemZwgma Vr dmhV OmVo ˶m
àXoemMm AmH$ma YmaU H$aVo.
{h‘aofoÀ¶m Imbr {h‘ZX¶m CVaVmV Voìhm qH$dm àXoemVrb Vmn‘mZ eyÝ` A§e
gopëgAg nojm OmñV AgVo ˶mdoir {h‘ZXrVrb ~’©$ {dViyZ nmʶmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo
d {h‘ZXrMm eodQ> hmoVmo.
4.24.24.24.24.2{h‘ZXrMo H$m¶©{h‘ZXrMo H$m¶©{h‘ZXrMo H$m¶©{h‘ZXrMo H$m¶©{h‘ZXrMo H$m¶©
{h‘ZXr hr XþJ©‘ àXoemV Agë¶mZo {h‘joÌmVrb ^yàXoe {h‘mÀ¶m OmS> Aem
AmdaUmImbr PmH$bm Agë¶m‘wio {h‘ZXrÀ¶m H$m¶m©Mo ~amM H$mimn¶ªV Aܶ¶Z
H$aVm Ambo Zmhr. ~mô¶e³VrÀ¶m BVa H$maH$m§À¶m ‘mZmZo {h‘ZXrMo H$m¶© joÌM
‘¶m©{XV Agë¶mZo ˶m g§X^m©V nwaogo g§emoYZ Ho$bo Jobo ZìhVo. nU B.g. 1897
nmgyZ {h‘ZXrÀ¶m H$m¶m©{df¶r H$mhr à‘mUmV ‘m{hVr CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbr. ˶m‘wio
emñÌkm§À¶m ‘VmZwgma {h‘ZXr BVa H$maH$mà‘mUo jaU, dhZ d {Zanoj g§M¶Z Aer
{d{dY H$m¶o© H$aVo.
{h‘ZXrMo jaU({h‘ZXrMo jaU({h‘ZXrMo jaU({h‘ZXrMo jaU({h‘ZXrMo jaU( Erosional Work of Glaciers )…)…)…)…)… {h‘ZXr Omon¶ªV {h‘amer
JVrerb AgVmV Vmon¶ªV ˶m ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmda jaUmMo H$m¶© H$aVmV d ˶m pñWa
Pmë¶m H$s ^yn¥îR>mMo g§ajU H$aVmV. {h‘ZXrVrb {h‘amer ^yn¥îR>mdê$Z nwT>o nwT>o gaH$V
AgVmZm IS>H$mMm n¥îR>^mJ IadSy>Z H$mT>VmV. H$maU jaU H$m¶m©V {h‘ZXrVrb ’$³V
~’©$ A~m{YV ZgyZ {dViboë¶m ~’$m©Mo nmUr d ~’$m©V ê$VyZ dmhV OmUmao IS>H$mMo
VwH$S>o, ‘mV{Mo ~marH$ H$U d aoVr B. nXmW© ¶m H$m¶m©V ‘XV H$aVmV.
{h‘ZXrMo jaUH$m¶© nwT>rb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo (1) {h‘ZXrVrb {h‘mMm{h‘ZXrMo jaUH$m¶© nwT>rb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo (1) {h‘ZXrVrb {h‘mMm{h‘ZXrMo jaUH$m¶© nwT>rb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo (1) {h‘ZXrVrb {h‘mMm{h‘ZXrMo jaUH$m¶© nwT>rb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo (1) {h‘ZXrVrb {h‘mMm{h‘ZXrMo jaUH$m¶© nwT>rb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo (1) {h‘ZXrVrb {h‘mMm
dmQ>m…dmQ>m…dmQ>m…dmQ>m…dmQ>m… {h‘ZXrbm ~’$m©Mm nwadR>m OmñV hmoV Agë¶mg jaU H$m¶© doJmZo KS>Vo. (2)(2)(2)(2)(2)
{h‘moT>mM{h‘moT>mM{h‘moT>mM{h‘moT>mM{h‘moT>mMo à‘mU…à‘mU…à‘mU…à‘mU…à‘mU… {h‘ZXrVrb Jmimbm {h‘moT> åhUVmV. ¶m {h‘moT>mMo {h‘ZXrVrb à‘mU
OmñV Agë¶mg jaU H$m¶© doJmZo KS>Vo. (3) {h‘ZXrMm doJ…(3) {h‘ZXrMm doJ…(3) {h‘ZXrMm doJ…(3) {h‘ZXrMm doJ…(3) {h‘ZXrMm doJ… Vrd« CVmamÀ¶m àXoemV
{h‘ZXr doJmZo dmhVo ˶m‘wio jaU H$m¶© XoIrb doJmZo KS>Vo. (4) {h‘ZXr ~amo~a(4) {h‘ZXr ~amo~a(4) {h‘ZXr ~amo~a(4) {h‘ZXr ~amo~a(4) {h‘ZXr ~amo~a
dmhVdmhVdmhVdmhVdmhV OmUmè¶mOmUmè¶mOmUmè¶mOmUmè¶mOmUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo à‘mU d ñdê$n…nXmWm©Mo à‘mU d ñdê$n…nXmWm©Mo à‘mU d ñdê$n…nXmWm©Mo à‘mU d ñdê$n…nXmWm©Mo à‘mU d ñdê$n… {h‘ZXr ~amo~a dmhV OmUmao nXmW© OmñV
à‘mUmV d Amo~S>Ymo~S> ñdê$nmMo AgVrb Va jaU H$m¶© doJmZo KS>Vo.munotes.in

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4.34.34.34.34.3{h_ZXrZo V`ma Ho$bobr IZZmMr d g§M`ZmMr ^yê$no{h_ZXrZo V`ma Ho$bobr IZZmMr d g§M`ZmMr ^yê$no{h_ZXrZo V`ma Ho$bobr IZZmMr d g§M`ZmMr ^yê$no{h_ZXrZo V`ma Ho$bobr IZZmMr d g§M`ZmMr ^yê$no{h_ZXrZo V`ma Ho$bobr IZZmMr d g§M`ZmMr ^yê$no
{h‘ZXrÀ¶m jaUH$m¶m©_wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^yAmH$ma/^yê$no {h‘ZXrÀ¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio
Imbrb àH$maMo doJdoJio ^yAmH$ma V¶ma hmoVmV. (1) ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m (2) bm|~˶m
Xè¶m (3) gH©$ qH$dm {h‘Jìha (4) WyH$dyh qH$dm ’$UrH$Q>H$ (5) {Jare¥§J (6) X¡Ë¶
gmonmZ qH$dm ^ì¶ nm¶è¶m (7) ‘oferbm (8) {h‘JV© ‘m{bH$m qH$dm e¥§Ibm {h‘JV©
(9) VinmÌ (am°H$ ~o{gÝg) (10) e¥§J d n¥ÀN> (11) {h‘ImS>r ({\$`m°S>©)
(1) ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m ((1) ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m ((1) ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m ((1) ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m ((1) ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m ( U Shaped Valley )))))…………… {h‘joÌmVyZ {h‘ZX¶m
dmhV AgVmZm nd©VmVrb nyduÀ¶m Xè¶m§‘YyZ Amnbm ‘mJ© àñWm{nV H$aVmV. Amnë¶m
à^mdr jaU H$m¶m©‘wio XarÀ¶m ‘yi
AmH$mamV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUVmV.
ZX¶m§À¶m Xè¶m§‘YyZ {h‘ZX¶m dmhÿ
bmJë¶mda ˶m Xè¶m§À¶m nmíd©^mJmMr d
Vi^mJmMr ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV PrO H$aVmV.
¶m‘wio nyduMo Aê§$X ìhr AmH$mamMo nmÌ
ngaQ> d Imob ~ZVo d Xarbm ¶y AmH$ma
àmßV hmoVmo. ¶mMo H$maU åhUOo {h‘ZXr
EH$mMdoir AYmoJm‘r d nmíd©Jm‘r jaU
H$arV
AgVo. ¶m Xè¶m Imob AgyZ ˶m§Mm Vi^mJ ê§$X d gnmQ> AgVmo d Xè¶m§À¶m H$S>m
Vrd« AmH$mamÀ¶m AgVmV.
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)bm|~˶m Xè¶m (bm|~˶m Xè¶m (bm|~˶m Xè¶m (bm|~˶m Xè¶m (bm|~˶m Xè¶m ( Hanging Valley )…)…)…)…)… nd©Vr¶ àXoemVrb {h‘joÌmV nyduÀ¶m
Xè¶mVyZ {h‘ZX¶m ˶m§Mm ‘mJ©
H$mT>VmV.‘w»¶/à‘wI {h‘ZXrMo nmÌ
ê§$X AgVo. ‘w»¶ {h‘ZXrV ~’$m©Mo
à‘mUhr OmñV AgVo d ˶m‘wio
‘w»¶ {h‘ZXrMr IZZ j‘Vm OmñV
AgVo. {VMo nmÌ Imob AgVo.
Cn{h‘ZXrMo nmÌ Ë¶m‘mZmZo Aê§$X
AgVo. Cn{h‘ZXrV ~’$m©Mo à‘mUhr
H$‘r AgVo ˶m‘wio IZZj‘Vm hr
H$‘r AgVo. Á¶m{R>H$mUr ‘w»¶
{h‘ZXrbm Cn{h‘ZX¶m ¶oD$Z {‘iVmV
Vo ^mJ ‘w»¶ {h‘ZXrÀ¶m Vi^mJmnojm
OmñV C§Mrda AgVmV. ˶m‘wio ‘w»¶ {h‘ZXrda Cn{h‘ZX¶m§À¶m Xè¶m bm§o~VmZm
{XgVmV. ¶m§ZmM bm|~˶m Xè¶mbm|~˶m Xè¶mbm|~˶m Xè¶mbm|~˶m Xè¶mbm|~˶m Xè¶m Ago åhUVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 4.1 … ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.1 … ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.1 … ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.1 … ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.1 … ¶y AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m
AmH¥$Vr 4.2 … bm|~˶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.2 … bm|~˶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.2 … bm|~˶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.2 … bm|~˶m Xè¶mAmH¥$Vr 4.2 … bm|~˶m Xè¶mbm|~Vr Xarbm|~Vr Xarbm|~Vr Xarbm|~Vr Xarbm|~Vr Xar
_w»` Xar_w»` Xar_w»` Xar_w»` Xar_w»` Xar{h_ZXr{h_ZXr{h_ZXr{h_ZXr{h_ZXr
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(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)gH©$ qH$dm {h‘Jìha(gH©$ qH$dm {h‘Jìha(gH©$ qH$dm {h‘Jìha(gH©$ qH$dm {h‘Jìha(gH©$ qH$dm {h‘Jìha( Cirque )…)…)…)…)… nd©Vr¶ àXoemVyZ {h‘ZXr dmhV AgVmZm
{VÀ¶m jaU H$m¶m©‘wio nd©VmÀ¶m CVmamda AY©dV©wimH$ma IS²>S>¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶mMm
AmH$ma EImÚm Amam‘IwMugmaIm qH$dm a§J‘§MmgmaIm AgVmo. ho ImobJQ> ^mJ EH$m
~mOyZo CKS>o AgVmV. ¶m§Zm gH©$ Ago åhUVmV. ho àXoe {h‘mZo AmÀN>mXbobo Agë¶mZo
¶m§Zm {h‘JV© qH$dm {h‘gmJa Agohr åhUVmV. {naZrO nd©VmVrb JoìhZr ZmdmMm JV©
OJmV gdm©V ‘moR>m Amho. doJdoJù¶m XoemV ho JV© doJdoJù¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVmV.
ñH°$Q>b§S>‘ܶo H$m°ar, O‘©ZrV H$maoZ, doëg‘ܶo ñdr‘, ñH±$S>oZopìh¶m‘ܶo H°$gob d
’«$mÝg‘ܶo gH©$ ¶m ZmdmZo {h‘JV© AmoiIbo OmVmV.
gH©$ ‘YyZ {h‘ZX¶m dmhVmV.
gH©$‘Yrb ~’©$ {dVië¶mZ§Va ˶m
{R>H$mUr Imob d {demb AmH$mamMo
gamoda V`ma hmoVo Ë`mg ( Tam
Lake) Ago åhUVmV.
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) eyH$Hy$Q> qH$dmeyH$Hy$Q> qH$dmeyH$Hy$Q> qH$dmeyH$Hy$Q> qH$dmeyH$Hy$Q> qH$dm
’$UrH$Q>H$ (’$UrH$Q>H$ (’$UrH$Q>H$ (’$UrH$Q>H$ (’$UrH$Q>H$ ( Arete or Comb
Ridge )… )… )… )… )… XmoZ {dê$ÜX ~mOybm
Agboë¶m {h‘JVmªMm {dñVma S>m|JamÀ¶m
{eIamH$S>o dmT>V OmD$Z {eIamMm
Aê§$X d bm§~ ^mJ ¶m {h‘JV©mZm
nañnam§nmgyZ {d^³V H$aVmo. ¶m ^mJmbm eyH$Hy$Q> Ago åhUVmV. ¶m {eIamÀ¶m H$S>m
H§$Jì¶mÀ¶m XmVm§gma»¶m {XgVmV. åhUyZ ˶m§Zm ’$Ur H$Q>H$ Agohr åhUVmV. {h‘JV©mMm
{dñVma AgmM dmT>V am{hbm Va H$mbm§VamZo ˶m {h‘JVm©‘Yrb S>m|JamMm Aê§$X ^mJ
H$mogiyZ Imbr nS>Vmo d {VWo qIS> V¶ma hmoVo ˶m ^mJmbm J«rdm Ago åhUVmV.
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5){Jarl¥§J({Jarl¥§J({Jarl¥§J({Jarl¥§J({Jarl¥§J( Horn)… )… )… )… )… H$mhr nd©V {eIam§À¶m AZoH$ ~mOyZm gH©$Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.
{h‘mÀ¶m Kf©Um‘wio ¶m gd© gH©$Mm {dñVma nd©VmÀ¶m {eIamH$S>o dmT>V OmVmo. eodQ>r
AZoH$ gH©$À¶m H$S>m nd©V {eIam§Odi nañnam§Zm {‘iVmV d nd©VmÀ¶m {eIamMm
^mJ qeJmà‘mUo C§M d AUHw$MrXma VrúU AJ«mMm {Xgy bmJVmo. ¶mbm {Jarl¥§J Ago
åhUVmV. pñdËPbªS>‘Yrb Amëßg nd©VmVrb ‘°Q>ahm°Z© {Jarl¥§J OJà{gÜX Amho.
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)X¡Ë¶gmonmZ qH$dm ^ì¶ nm¶è¶m(X¡Ë¶gmonmZ qH$dm ^ì¶ nm¶è¶m(X¡Ë¶gmonmZ qH$dm ^ì¶ nm¶è¶m(X¡Ë¶gmonmZ qH$dm ^ì¶ nm¶è¶m(X¡Ë¶gmonmZ qH$dm ^ì¶ nm¶è¶m( Glacial Stairways )… )… )… )… )… S>m|Ja CVmamdê$Z
gaH$Umè¶m {h‘mÀ¶m Kf©U H$m¶m©‘wio CVmamdarb ‘moR>‘moR>o {ebmI§S> {ZIiyZ H$mT>bo
OmVmV Am{U CVma ^mJmda àM§S> AmH$mamÀ¶m nm¶è¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ˶m§ZmM
X¡Ë¶gmonmZ Ago åhUVmV. ¶mVrb à˶oH$ nm¶ar Xþgè¶m nm¶arnmgyZ nd©VmÀ¶m H$S>¶m§Zr
doJir Pmbobr AgVo. Aem nm¶è¶m§Mr C§Mr 30 ‘rQ>anmgyZ 300 ‘rQ>an¶ªV AmT>iVo.
{h‘ZXrÀ¶m Kf©U H$m¶m©‘wio nm¶è¶mÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmda ‘moR>‘moR>o IS²>S>o {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ~’©$
{dVië¶mda ¶m IS²>S>¶m‘ܶo nmUr gmMVo d ‘moR>‘moR>r gamodao hmoVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 4.3 …AmH¥$Vr 4.3 …AmH¥$Vr 4.3 …AmH¥$Vr 4.3 …AmH¥$Vr 4.3 …
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(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)‘oferbm(‘oferbm(‘oferbm(‘oferbm(‘oferbm( Roche Moutonee )…)…)…)…)… {h‘ZXrÀ¶m ‘mJm©V bhmZ bhmZ Q>oH$S>¶m
qH$dm IS>H$ ¶mgmaIm AS>Wim Amë¶mg Vr Amnbr {Xem Z ~XbVm ˶m
AS>Wù¶mdê$Z dmhʶmMm à¶ËZ
H$aVo. {h‘ZXrÀ¶m ‘mJm©V Q>oH$S>rgmaIm
H$‘r C§MrMm AS>Wim Amë¶mg ˶m
AS>Wù¶mÀ¶m Á¶m ^mJmdéZ
{h‘ZXr da MT>Vo. ˶m ~mOyda OmñV
à‘mUmV jaU hmoD$Z Vr ~mOy A{YH$
JwiJwirV hmoVo. {dê$ÜX CVmamMr ~mOy
˶m‘mZmZo IS>~S>rV ahmVo. Aem àH$mao
{Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m Q>oH$S>¶m Xÿadê$Z
nm{hë¶mg EImÚm ~gboë¶m
‘|T>¶mgma»¶m {XgV Agë¶mZo ˶m§Zm
‘oferbm Ago åhUVmV. ’o«§$M ^mfoV ¶m§Zr amoMr ‘wVmoZr Ago åhUVmV. Amëßg nd©V,
X. ñdrS>Z, CÎma doëg, {’$Zb§S>‘Yrb Cn nd©V joÌmV _oferbm AmT>iVmV.
(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)VinmÌ (VinmÌ (VinmÌ (VinmÌ (VinmÌ ( Crag and Tail )))))…………… {h‘ZXrÀ¶m XarÀ¶m Vi^mJmda ~’$m©À¶m jaU
H$m¶m©‘wio bhmZ-‘moR>¶m AmH$mamMo IiJo {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. nwT>o ¶mV nmUr gmMyZ
gamodamMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. {h‘ZXrÀ¶m XarÀ¶m Vi^mJmdê$Z IS>H$ {POyZ Aem
Ii½¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m Ii½¶m§ZmM am°H$ ~o{gÝg qH$dm VinmÌ Ago åhUVmV.
^yemñÌkm§À¶m ‘Vo CÎma A‘o[aHo$Vrb J«oQ> boH$ Mr {Z{‘©Vr ¶mMàH$mao Pmbr Agmdr.
(9)(9)(9)(9)(9)e¥§J d nwÀN> (e¥§J d nwÀN> (e¥§J d nwÀN> (e¥§J d nwÀN> (e¥§J d nwÀN> ( Crag adn Tail )))))… … … … … H$mhr doiog {h‘ZXrÀ¶m ‘mJm©V
~ogmëQ>gmaIm H$R>rU IS>H$ Amë¶mg ˶mMr PrO hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Aem IS>H$mg e¥§J
Ago åhUVmV. na§Vw ¶m H${R>U IS>H$mÀ¶m àdmh{^‘wI ~mOyH$S>rb ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$mMr PrO
hmoD$Z {dñH$irV Pmbobm Ðì¶mMm g‘wÀM¶ l¥§JmÀ¶m {déÜX ~mOyg àdmhmÀ¶m {XeoV
g§M¶rV hmoD$Z ‘§X CVmamMo bm§~Q> ^mJ V¶ma hmoVmV. ¶mbm n¥ÀN> Ago åhUVmV.
ñH°$Q>b§S>‘Yrb H°$gb am°H$ Am°’$ E{S>Z ~J© ho ¶mMo CÎm‘ CXmhaU Amho. E{S>Z ~J©
¶oWrb l¥§Jmda {H$ëbm ~m§Ybobm AgwZ {H$ëë¶mn¶ªV OmUmam ‘mJ© nwÀN>mdê$Z V¶ma Ho$bmAmH¥$Vr 4.4: ‘oferbmAmH¥$Vr 4.4: ‘oferbmAmH¥$Vr 4.4: ‘oferbmAmH¥$Vr 4.4: ‘oferbmAmH¥$Vr 4.4: ‘oferbm
AmH¥$Vr 4.5… e¥§J d nwÀN>AmH¥$Vr 4.5… e¥§J d nwÀN>AmH¥$Vr 4.5… e¥§J d nwÀN>AmH¥$Vr 4.5… e¥§J d nwÀN>AmH¥$Vr 4.5… e¥§J d nwÀN>
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Amho.
(10) {h‘ImS>r {\$`m°S>© ((10) {h‘ImS>r {\$`m°S>© ((10) {h‘ImS>r {\$`m°S>© ((10) {h‘ImS>r {\$`m°S>© ((10) {h‘ImS>r {\$`m°S>© ( Fiord )…)…)…)…)… {h‘ZXr g‘wÐmbm {‘imbr Var XoIrb {VMo
Anj¶ H$m¶© MmbyM AgVo. {h‘ZXr g‘wÐmbm {‘imë¶mda {VMo nmÌ g‘wÐmH$S>rb ^mJmV
CWi na§Vw O{‘‘rH$S>rb ^mJmV Imob AgVo. ¶m‘wio g‘wÐmMo nmUr {h‘ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmVyZ
O{‘ZrH$S>rb ^mJmV AmV {eabobo AmT>iVo. AmV {eaboë¶m ¶m g‘wÐmÀ¶m ^mJmbm
{’$¶m°S>©{’$¶m°S>©{’$¶m°S>©{’$¶m°S>©{’$¶m°S>© Ago åhUVmV d V¶ma hmoUmè¶m g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mbm {’$¶m°S>© g‘wÐ {H$Zmam Ago åhUVmV.
{’$¶m°S>©À¶m q^Vr qH$dm CVma ’$ma Vrd« AgVmV. {’$¶m°S>©À¶m ‘wImer ~arMer ~oQ>o
{dIwabobr AgVmV. {’$¶m°SÀ¶m ‘wImOdirb g‘wÐ Imob d em§V Agë¶mZo Ago g‘wÐ
^mJ dmhVyH$ d ‘mgo‘margmR>r Cn¶w³V R>aVmV. na§Vw ˶m§À¶m ‘wImOdi ~oQ>o {dIwabobr
Agë¶mZo Mm§Jbr ~§Xao AmT>iV ZmhrV. {’$¶m°S©> {H$Zmao ’$maM X§Vya d IMbobo
AgVmV. ñH$m°Q>b§S>, Zm°d}, ñdrS>Z, AbmñH$m ¶oWrb {H$Zmao ¶m àH$maMo AmhoV.
{h‘ZX¶m§Mo {Zjon/g§M¶Z H$m¶{h‘ZX¶m§Mo {Zjon/g§M¶Z H$m¶{h‘ZX¶m§Mo {Zjon/g§M¶Z H$m¶{h‘ZX¶m§Mo {Zjon/g§M¶Z H$m¶{h‘ZX¶m§Mo {Zjon/g§M¶Z H$m¶ ©(©(©(©(©(Depositional Work of Glacier )))))…
Á¶mdoir {h‘ZXrVrb gd© ~’©$ {dViyZ OmVo. ˶mdoir {ZjonmMr {H«$¶m KSy>Z ¶oVo.
{h‘ZXr Amnë¶m ~amo~a Omo Jmi dmhÿZ AmUVo Vmo {h‘ZXrÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m ^mJmV
gmMVmo. `mV {h‘ZXrÀ¶m JmimnmgyZ A{Ve¶ ~marH$ d ‘¥Xÿ ‘mVrnmgyZ IS>H$m§À¶m
‘moR>‘moR>¶m VwH$S>¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m {h‘ZXrÀ¶m JmimnmgyZ doJdoJi¶m àH$maMo
^yAmH$ma V¶ma hmoVmV.
(1) {h‘moT> (Moraines ) ( 2 ) { h ‘ m Z r J m i m M o ‘ ¡ X m Z ( Q > r b ß b o Z ) (Till Plain )
(3) {h‘moT>{Jar(S´>‘{bZ) (Drumlins ) ( 4 ) { h ‘ m o T > H $ Q > H $ ( E ñ H $ g © ) (Eskers ) ( 5 ) n m h þ U o I S > H $
(Erratic Rocks ) ( 6 ) H § $ H $ V { J a r ( H o $ å g ) (Kames ) ( 7 ) C Ë j m { b V ‘ ¡ X m Z (Out Wash Plain )
(1) {h‘moT> (1) {h‘moT> (1) {h‘moT> (1) {h‘moT> (1) {h‘moT> (((((Moraines )))))… {h‘ZXrZo Amnë¶m ~amo~a dmhÿZ AmUboë¶m {d{dY
nXmWm©À¶m JmimÀ¶m {ZjonUmnmgyZ Oo T>rJ V¶ma hmoVmV. ˶m§Zm {h‘moT> Ago åhUVmV.
{h‘ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmV OoWo JmimMo {ZjonU hmoVo ˶mÀ¶m pñWVrZwgma {h‘moT>mMo nwT>rb àH$ma
nS>VmV. AmH¥$Vr ‘ܶo {h‘moT>Mo àH$ma XmIdbobo AmhoV.
AmH¥$Vr 4.6… {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.6… {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.6… {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.6… {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.6… {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$mamunotes.in

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(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)nmíd© {h‘moT> nmíd© {h‘moT> nmíd© {h‘moT> nmíd© {h‘moT> nmíd© {h‘moT> (((((Lateral Moraines )))))…{h‘ZXrZo Amnë¶m~amo~a dmhÿZ
AmUboë¶m JmimMo {VÀ¶m XarÀ¶m H$mR>mda {ZjonU hmoD$Z JmimMo bm§~M bm§~ T>rJ
V¶ma hmoVmV. ¶m§Zm nmíd© {h‘moT>nmíd© {h‘moT>nmíd© {h‘moT>nmíd© {h‘moT>nmíd© {h‘moT> Ago åhUVmV. {h‘ZXrMr JVr nmÌmÀ¶m H$mR>mda ‘§X
Agë¶mZo H$mR>mda ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV JmimMo {ZjonU hmoVo. H$mR>mda {h‘moT>mMr ‘m{bH$m
V¶ma hmoVo. ¶m {h‘moT>mMr C§Mr eoH$S>mo ‘rQ>a n¶ªV AgVo.
(~)(~)(~)(~)(~)‘ܶ {h‘moT> ‘ܶ {h‘moT> ‘ܶ {h‘moT> ‘ܶ {h‘moT> ‘ܶ {h‘moT> (((((Medical Moraines )))))…………… Á¶m {R>H$mUr XmoZ {h‘ZX¶m
EH$‘oH$s¨Zm ¶oD$Z {‘iVmV. ¶m ^mJmV {h‘ZX¶m§Mo nmíd©dVu {h‘moT> EH$Ì ¶oVmV.
nmíddVu {h‘moT>m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU hmoD$Z {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m Ðì¶ g‘wÀM¶mg ‘ܶ {h‘moT>‘ܶ {h‘moT>‘ܶ {h‘moT>‘ܶ {h‘moT>‘ܶ {h‘moT>
Ago åhUVmV. ¶m {h‘moT>mMo bm§~M bm§~ T>rJ V¶ma hmoVmV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ho {h‘moT>
~’$m©À¶m AmdaUmImbr PmH$bobo AgVmV.
(H$)(H$)(H$)(H$)(H$)n¥îR> {h‘moT> n¥îR> {h‘moT> n¥îR> {h‘moT> n¥îR> {h‘moT> n¥îR> {h‘moT> (Ablation Moraines )))))::::: IS>H$mMo bhmZ ‘moR>o VwH$S>o
{h‘ZXrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdê$Z dmhVmV d Vo VwH$S>o {h‘ZXrVrb ~’$m©À¶m amerÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmda
éVbobo AgVmV. ~’$m©À¶m n¥îR>^mJmdarb ¶m g‘wÀM¶mÀ¶m {Zjonmbm n¥îR> {h‘moT>n¥îR> {h‘moT>n¥îR> {h‘moT>n¥îR> {h‘moT>n¥îR> {h‘moT> Ago
åhUVmV. ho {h‘moT> {h‘ZXrÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdê$Z dmhV Agë¶m‘wio ¶mda {POoMm ’$magm
n[aUm‘ hmoV Zmhr.
(S>)(S>)(S>)(S>)(S>)^y{h‘moT> ^y{h‘moT> ^y{h‘moT> ^y{h‘moT> ^y{h‘moT> (((((Ground Moraines) …………… {h‘ZXrVrb ~’$m©V IS>H$mMo VwH$S>o d
BVa nXmW© éVbobo AgVmV. ~’©$ {dVië¶mda ho gd© nXmW© {h‘ZXrÀ¶m Vi^mJmda
g§M¶rV hmoVmV. ˶m g§M¶Zmbm ^y{h‘moT>^y{h‘moT>^y{h‘moT>^y{h‘moT>^y{h‘moT> Ago åhUVmV. ¶m {h‘moT>m‘ܶo AJXr ~marH$
H$UmnmgyZ IS>H$m§À¶m ‘moR>‘moR>¶m VwH$S>¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
(B)(B)(B)(B)(B)A§Ë¶ {h‘moT> A§Ë¶ {h‘moT> A§Ë¶ {h‘moT> A§Ë¶ {h‘moT> A§Ë¶ {h‘moT> (((((Terminal Moraines )))))… {h‘ZXrVrb ~’©$ {dVië¶mda Á¶m
^mJmV {h‘ZXrMm AJ«^mJ pñWamdVmo ˶m ^mJmV {h‘ZXrZo dmhÿZ AmUboë¶m JmimMo
{ZjonU hmoD$Z {dñV¥V T>rJ V¶ma hmoVmV. ¶m§Zm§M A§Ë¶ {h‘moTA§Ë¶ {h‘moTA§Ë¶ {h‘moTA§Ë¶ {h‘moTA§Ë¶ {h‘moT> Ago åhUVmV. {h‘ZXrMr
JVr ‘ܶ^mJr OmñV Agë¶mZo ¶m {h‘moT>À¶m {T>Jmbm AY©M§ÐmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo.
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2){h‘mZr JmimMo ‘¡XmZ/Q>rb ßboZ {h‘mZr JmimMo ‘¡XmZ/Q>rb ßboZ {h‘mZr JmimMo ‘¡XmZ/Q>rb ßboZ {h‘mZr JmimMo ‘¡XmZ/Q>rb ßboZ {h‘mZr JmimMo ‘¡XmZ/Q>rb ßboZ (((((Till Plain ))))): {h‘ZXrMm AJ«^mJ Og
Ogm ‘mJo gaHy$ bmJVo. ˶m~amo~a à˶oH$ doir {h‘ZXrÀ¶m ‘wImOdi ~marH$ JmimMo
g§M¶Z hmoD$Z {h‘mZr JmimMo ‘¡XmZ V¶ma hmoVo. ¶m ‘¡XmZmV JmimMo Ag§»¶ Wa
AmT>iVmV. ¶m àH$maÀ¶m H$mhr ‘¡XmZmMm {dñVma hOmamo Mm¡.{H$.‘r. n¶ªV AgVmo.
‘¡XmZmMm n¥îR>^mJ Amo~S>>Ymo~S> d CngIb AgyZ ˶mV {h‘moT>mMo Wa AmT>iV ZmhrV.
AmH¥$Vr 4.7 {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.7 {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.7 {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.7 {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$maAmH¥$Vr 4.7 {h‘moT>m§Mo àH$mamunotes.in

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g§¶w³V g§ñWmZmÀ¶m npíM‘‘ܶ ^mJmV hOmamo Mm¡.{H$.‘r. joÌmV {h‘moT> ngê$Z {h‘mZr
JmimMo ‘¡XmZo V¶ma Pmbobr AmhoV.
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3){h‘moT>{Jar/S´>‘{bÝg {h‘moT>{Jar/S´>‘{bÝg {h‘moT>{Jar/S´>‘{bÝg {h‘moT>{Jar/S´>‘{bÝg {h‘moT>{Jar/S´>‘{bÝg (((((Drumlins )))))…>{h‘ZXrÀ¶m g§M¶Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U
hmoUmè¶m {d{eîQ> AmH$mamÀ¶m bhmZ Q>oH$S>¶m§Zm S´>‘{bÝgS´>‘{bÝgS´>‘{bÝgS´>‘{bÝgS´>‘{bÝg Ago åhUVmV. ¶m§Mm AmH$ma
bm§~rZwgma H$mnboë¶m Aܶm© A§S²>¶mgmaIm qH$dm CbQ¶m ~moQ>rgmaIm {XgVmo. ¶m
àH$maÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr C§Mr 70 Vo 90 ‘rQ>an¶ªV AgVo. ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hr
{h‘ZX¶m§À¶m H$mhr H$mi nwT>o OmʶmÀ¶m d ‘mJo OmʶmÀ¶m àd¥Îmr‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
Á¶mdoir Á¶m Á¶m {R>H$mUr {VMm AJ«^mJ pñWamdVmo ˶m ˶m {R>H$mUr A§{V‘
{h‘moT>mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m {H«$¶oV {h‘ZXrÀ¶m ^mJmV nañnam§Zm g‘m§Va Aem A§{V‘
{h‘moT>À¶m Ag§»¶ am§Jm V¶ma hmoVmV. na§Vw ¶m {Z{‘©VrZ§Va H$mhr H$maUm‘wio hrM
{h‘ZXr naV nwT>o gaHy$ bmJVo. ¶m {H«$¶oV {h‘ZXrÀ¶m g‘moa Agboë¶m à˶oH$
{h‘moT>mÀ¶m CVmamdarb nXmW© {h‘ZXr~amo~a dmhV ¶oD$Z {déÜX CVmamda gmMVmV d
˶m§Mr CbQ>¶m ~moQ>rgmaIr AmH$mamÀ¶m Q>oH$S>rMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m§ZmM S´>‘{bZ
åhUVmV. CXm.Am`b©S>, ñH$m°Q>b§S> d B§½b§S>À¶m CÎma ^mJm‘ܶo ¶m àH$maÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m
AmT>iVmV.
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4){h‘moT> H$Q>H$/{h‘moT> H$Q>H$/{h‘moT> H$Q>H$/{h‘moT> H$Q>H$/{h‘moT> H$Q>H$/
EñH$g© EñH$g© EñH$g© EñH$g© EñH$g© (((((Eskers ))))): {h‘ZXrVyZ
Obàdmh dmhÿ bmJë¶mda
Obàdmhm~amo~a {h‘moT>mVrb
JmimMo dhZ hmoD$ bmJVo.
ObàdmhmÀ¶m ‘mJm©V AS>Wim
Amë¶mg ˶m§Mm doJ ‘§XmdyZ
˶m§À¶m~amo~a dmhV ¶oUmè¶m
nXmWm©Mo nmÌmV {ZjonU hmoVo.
{ZjonU AmH$mamZo d C§MrZo
dmT>V OmD$Z ˶mnmgyZ bm§~AmH¥$Vr 4.8… {h‘moT>{Jar / S´>‘{bÝgAmH¥$Vr 4.8… {h‘moT>{Jar / S´>‘{bÝgAmH¥$Vr 4.8… {h‘moT>{Jar / S´>‘{bÝgAmH¥$Vr 4.8… {h‘moT>{Jar / S´>‘{bÝgAmH¥$Vr 4.8… {h‘moT>{Jar / S´>‘{bÝg
AmH¥$Vr 4.9… EñH$g©AmH¥$Vr 4.9… EñH$g©AmH¥$Vr 4.9… EñH$g©AmH¥$Vr 4.9… EñH$g©AmH¥$Vr 4.9… EñH$g©
EñH$g©EñH$g©EñH$g©EñH$g©EñH$g©munotes.in

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na§Vw H$‘r C§MrÀ¶m Aê§$X Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. Aem Q>oH$S>¶m§Zm EñH$gEñH$gEñH$gEñH$gEñH$g© Ago
åhUVmV. Aem Q>oH$S>¶m§Mm {dñVma {h‘ZXrÀ¶m àdmhmÀ¶m {Xeobm g‘m§Va AgVmo.
~marH$ ‘mVr, aoVr, IS>H$m§Mo bhmZ-‘moR>o VwH$S>o ¶mnmgyZ Q>oH$S>¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr bm§~r 25 {H$. ‘r. n¶ªV d C§Mr 90 Vo 600 ‘rQ>a AgVo.
~’$m©À¶m AmdaUmImbyZ dmhUmè¶m ObàdmhmÀ¶m ‘mJm©V EImXm AS>Wim Pmë¶mg
˶mnXmWm©Mo {ZjonU ZmJ‘moS>r AmH$mamV hmoD$Z EñH$g©Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. {h‘ZXrVrb
g§nyU© ~’©$ {dVië¶mZ§Va EñH$g© {Xgy bmJVmV. {h‘ZXrÀ`m Vimda ObàdmhmÀ¶m
{XeoZo AZoH$ {h‘moT> H$Q>H$mMr ‘m{bH$m V¶ma hmoVo. ˶m§Zm {h‘moT> H$Q>H$ ‘m{bH$m Ago
åhUVmV.
Am¶b±S>‘Yrb Am¶[ae ^mfoV EñH$g© ¶mMm AW© ‘mJ© Agm hmoVmo. ñdrS>Z,
{’$Zb§S> ¶m XoemV {h‘moT> H$Q>H$m§Mm Cn¶moJ dmhVwH$sÀ¶m ‘mJm©gmR>r H$ê$Z KoVbm Amho.
ñdrS>Z, {’$Zb§S>, ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘ܶo {h‘moT> H$Q>H$ ‘moR>¶m g§»¶oZo AmhoV.
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)nmhþUo IS>H$ nmhþUo IS>H$ nmhþUo IS>H$ nmhþUo IS>H$ nmhþUo IS>H$ (Erratic
Rock) :>{h‘ZXr Amnë¶m~amo~a
bhmZ ‘moR>¶m XJS> JmoQ>¶mnmgyZ
Vo ‘moR>¶m {ebmI§S>mn¶ªV dñVy‘mZ
dmhÿZ AmUVo. H$mhr {ebI§S>
XÿadaÀ¶m àXoemVyZ dmhÿZ AmUbo
OmVmV. ~’©$ {dVië¶mda ho
‘moR>¶m AmH$mamMo {ebmI§S> dmhÿZ
Zobo Omdy eH$V Zmhr ¶m‘wio Vo
nmÌmV VgoM nSy>Z amhVmV. Aem
‘moR>¶m {ebmI§S>mZm nmhþUo IS>H$nmhþUo IS>H$nmhþUo IS>H$nmhþUo IS>H$nmhþUo IS>H$
Ago åhUVmV.
(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)H§$H$V{Jar/Ho$ågH§$H$V{Jar/Ho$ågH§$H$V{Jar/Ho$ågH§$H$V{Jar/Ho$ågH§$H$V{Jar/Ho$åg
(((((Kames ))))):Vrd« CVmamÀ¶m na§Vw bhmZ AmH$mamÀ¶m ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m AgVmV. {h‘ZX¶mÀ¶m
AJ«^mJmda ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. {h‘ZXrÀ¶m ‘wImOdirb ^mJmV ‘moR>‘moR>¶m ^oJm
nS>boë¶m AgVmV. ˶m ^oJm‘ܶo {h‘ZXr~amo~a dmhV Ambobm Jmi gmMVmo d
H$mbm§VamZo ¶m ^oJm ^ê$Z ¶oVmV. g§M¶ZmMr {H«$¶m gVV gwé am{hë¶mg VoWo bhmZ
bhmZ Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§ZmM H§$H$V{Jar
Ago åhUVmV. ~’$m©Mo AmdaU ZîQ> Pmë¶mda ^yn¥îR>mda ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m CKS>¶m nS>VmV.
¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr bm§~r 30 Vo 45 ‘r. n¶ªV AgyZ AmH$ma e§ImH¥$Vr AgVmo.
(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)CËH$m{bV ‘¡XmZ CËH$m{bV ‘¡XmZ CËH$m{bV ‘¡XmZ CËH$m{bV ‘¡XmZ CËH$m{bV ‘¡XmZ (((((Out Wash Plain )))))::::: {h‘ZXrÀ¶m AJ«^mJmnmgyZ CJ‘
AmH¥$Vr 4.10…àmhþUo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 4.10…àmhþUo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 4.10…àmhþUo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 4.10…àmhþUo IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 4.10…àmhþUo IS>H$munotes.in

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nmdUmè¶m ObàdmhmÀ¶m {ZjonU H$m¶m©‘wio {dñV¥V Ago ‘¡XmZ A§Ë¶ {h‘moT>mÀ¶m
AJ«^mJr V¶ma hmoVo. ¶mbmM CËH$m{bV ‘¡XmZ Ago åhUVmV.
Obàdmhm~amo~a A{V gyú‘ Jmi d dmiy dmhV ¶oD$Z g§M{¶V hmoVo d ¶m
‘¡XmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo ¶m ‘¡XmZm‘ܶo AYyZ‘YyZ Imob IiJo AmT>iVmV. Ii½¶mV
nmUr gmMyZ gamodao {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. AmB©gb±S>‘ܶo 16 {H$. ‘r. é§XrMo ‘¡XmZ Amho.
g§¶w³V g§M¶mZmVrb {‘{eJZ d B§{S>¶mZm ¶m amÁ¶mV Aer CËH$m{bV ‘¡XmZo AgyZ `m
‘¡XmZmda gamodao AmT>iVmV.
4.44.44.44.44.4^y‘rJV nmʶmMo H$m¶©^y‘rJV nmʶmMo H$m¶©^y‘rJV nmʶmMo H$m¶©^y‘rJV nmʶmMo H$m¶©^y‘rJV nmʶmMo H$m¶©
(H$) H$mñQ>© àXoe( Karst Topography y) H$mñQ>© ¶m eãXmMr CËnÎmr ( Serbo-croat )
^mfoVrb H«$mñQ>( Krass) ¶ m e ã X m n m g y Z P m b o b r A m h o .
Á¶m àXoemV MwZIS>H$m§Mo à‘mU OmñV AmT>iyZ ¶oVo ˶m ^y^mJmbm H$mñQ>©( Karst)
àXoe åhUVmV. E{S´>¶m{Q>H$ gmJa {H$Zmè¶mda gmJar nmʶmÀ¶m nmVirÀ¶m 200 ‘r.
C§Mrda gw‘mao 480 {H$. ‘r. bm§~ d 80 {H$. ‘r. é§X Agm H$mñQ>©( Karst ) à X o e
AmT>iyZ ¶oVmo.
X{jU ’«$mÝg‘ܶo H$m¡go( Causse )J«rg, ñno{Zg, O‘¡H$m, npíM‘ ³¶w~m, ¶w.Eg².E.,
B§{S>¶mZm, Q>oZogr, ‘ܶdVu âbmo[aS>m amÁ¶ ¶m àXoem‘ܶo H$mñQ>© ^yê$no ~Km¶bm
{‘iVmV. ^y{‘JV nmʶmMo à^mdr H$m¶© MwZIS>rÀ¶m àXoemV {XgyZ ¶oVo.
amgm¶{ZH$ {dXmaUm‘wio MwZIS>H$ {dIiVmo. nmdgmZo nmUr AmH$memVyZ Imbr
¶oVmZm ˶mV hdoVrb CO2 dm¶y {daKiVmo d H$m~©{ZH$ AmåbmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ho
Amåb MwZIS>H$mda ( CaCO3) nS>ë¶mda MwZIS>H$ {daKiVmo d {d{dY ^yéno {Z‘m©U
hmoVmV.
4.54.54.54.54.5^y_rJV nmÊ`mÀ`m IZZ d g§M`Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U^y_rJV nmÊ`mÀ`m IZZ d g§M`Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U^y_rJV nmÊ`mÀ`m IZZ d g§M`Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U^y_rJV nmÊ`mÀ`m IZZ d g§M`Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U^y_rJV nmÊ`mÀ`m IZZ d g§M`Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U
hmoUmar ^yéno hmoUmar ^yéno hmoUmar ^yéno hmoUmar ^yéno hmoUmar ^yéno (((((Erosional K a r s t L a n d f o r m s )))))
(1) b°nrO b°nrO b°nrO b°nrO b°nrO (((((Lapies )))))::::: {df‘ aMZm Agboë¶m IS>H$m§À¶m àXoem§‘ܶo ^y{‘JV
nmʶm‘wio hr {H«$¶m KSy>Z ¶oVo CO2 dm¶y ¶w³V nmdgmMo nmUr IS>H$m§À¶m ^oJmVyZ
{PanVo. ¶m‘wio IS>H$m§Zm AgUmè¶m ^oJm é§X hmoVmV d daMo Q>moH$ {Z‘wiVo hmoVo d
IS>H$m§Mm ImbMm ^mJ ‘mÌ EH$M AgVmo. åhUyZ ¶m ^yénmbm b°nrO( Lapies ) Ago
g§~moYbo OmVo ho CKS>¶m IS>H$m§daM AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV.
(2){dda {dda {dda {dda {dda (Sink Hole): MwZIS>rÀ¶m àXoem‘ܶo ^y{‘JV nmʶm‘wio IS>H$m§Zm
~marH$ ~marH$ {N>Ð nS>VmV qH$dm IS>H$m§Zm N>moQ>o N>moQ>o IÈo nS>ë¶mgmaIm AmH$ma ¶oVmo
˶mg {dda Ago åhUVmV. {ddam§Mr Imobr 3 Vo 10 ‘rQ>an¶ªV AgVo.
hr ^yéno nmʶm‘wio KSy>Z ¶oVmV. ^y{‘JV nmʶmMr ÐmdU {H«$¶m ’$ma à^mdr AgVo.
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(3)¶wdmbm ¶wdmbm ¶wdmbm ¶wdmbm ¶wdmbm (Uvala )…)…)…)…)… AZoH$ N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r {ddao EH$‘oH$m§Zm OmoS>br OmVmV. Voìhm
EH$ ZdrZM ^yén V¶ma hmoVo. ho V¶ma Pmbobo ^yén bm§~M bm§~ {XgVo åhUyZ ¶mg
¶wdmbm( Uvala ) Ago åhUVmV, CÎma A‘o[aHo$À¶m Ho$Qw>§H$s àm§VmV AZoH$ ¶wdmbm AmhoV.
(4)nmoëOo(nmoëOo(nmoëOo(nmoëOo(nmoëOo( Polje)(‘hmHw§$S>)… )(‘hmHw§$S>)… )(‘hmHw§$S>)… )(‘hmHw§$S>)… )(‘hmHw§$S>)… {ddamMm ImbMm ^mJ AmUIr Imbr Imbr
IMV OmVmo. EH$ ‘moR>o ‘hmHw§$S> V¶ma hmoVo. ¶mM ‘hmHw§$S>m‘ܶo dmiy gmMVo d
gmMboë¶m dmiy‘wio àdmh bwßV hmoVmV. ‘hmHw§$S>mÀ¶m ~mOy Vrd« CVmamÀ¶m Va Vi
gnmQ> AgVmo. CXm. ¶wamon‘Yrb {~«ñHo$À¶m g‘wÐmÀ¶m npíM‘og gdm©V ‘moR>m ‘hmHw§$S>
Amho. ^maVmV n§M‘T>r ¶oWo _hmHw§$S> Amho.
(5)nmoZmg©(nmoZmg©(nmoZmg©(nmoZmg©(nmoZmg©( Ponors )…)…)…)…)… nmoZmg© åhUOo ^y{‘JV Ob‘mJ© AgVmo. ˶m ‘mJm©Zo nmUr
EImÚm JwhoV àdoe H$aVo Am{U ‘mJ© EImÚm ‘moR>¶m {~imgmaIm AgVmo. åhUyZ ˶mg
~moJXm nmoZmg© ( Ponors ) Ago åhUVmV. CXm. CÎma A‘o[aHo$Vrb ìh{O©{Z¶m amÁ¶mVrb
EH$m ~moJÚmMr bm§~r 30 ‘rQ>a Amho.
(6)AYmoJm‘r AmoT>oAYmoJm‘r AmoT>oAYmoJm‘r AmoT>oAYmoJm‘r AmoT>oAYmoJm‘r AmoT>o (((((Sinking Creek )))))…………… MwZIS>rÀ¶m àXoem‘ܶo AZoH$ {N>Ð
AgVmV. hm àXoe EImÚm MmiUrgmaIm {XgVmo. ¶m ^y^mJmda dmhUmar ZXr Ooìhm ¶m
àXoemOdi ¶oVo Voìhm Vr bwßV hmoVo d {VMm àdmh ^yn¥îR>mda {XgV Zmhr åhUyZ ¶m
^yénmbm AYmoJm‘r AmoT>o( Sinking Creek ) Ago åhUVmV. CXm. A‘o[aHo$Vrb B§{S>¶mZm
àXoem‘ܶo bm°ñQ> {bda hr ZXr 13 {H$. ‘r. ^yn¥îR>mÀ¶m AmVyZ dmhVo d aoH$m ZXrMm
21 {H$. ‘r. àdmh AmVyZ Amho.
(7)AY§Xar(AY§Xar(AY§Xar(AY§Xar(AY§Xar( Blind Valley )…)…)…)…)… ^yn¥îR>mdéZ dmhUmar ZXr ^y{‘JV hmoVo d Vr nwT>o
H$moU˶m {Xeog dmhVo Vo {XgV Zmhr. ¶m hmoUmè¶m ^yê$nmbm AY§Xar( Blind Valley )
Ago åhUVmV.
(8)àmH¥${VH$ nyb(àmH¥${VH$ nyb(àmH¥${VH$ nyb(àmH¥${VH$ nyb(àmH¥${VH$ nyb( Natural Bridge )…)…)…)…)… MwZIS>rÀ¶m àXoem‘ܶo nmʶmÀ¶m ÐmdU
{H«$¶o‘wio nmUr ^y{‘JV hmoVo d H$mhr A§Vamda nwÝhm ^yn¥îR>mda àJQ> hmoVo. hr {H«$¶m Á¶m
^y^mJm‘ܶo KSy>Z ¶oVo ˶m ^y^mJmg àmH¥${VH$ nybàmH¥${VH$ nybàmH¥${VH$ nybàmH¥${VH$ nybàmH¥${VH$ nyb( Natural Bridge )Ago åhUVmV.
(9)Jwhm(Jwhm(Jwhm(Jwhm(Jwhm(Caves )…)…)…)…)… ^yn¥îR>mdarb nmUr MwZIS>rÀ¶m àXoem‘ܶo ^y{‘JV hmoVo d ˶m
nmʶm‘wio AmVrb MwZIS>H$m§Mr PrO hmoD$Z ^y^mJmbm JwhogmaIm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo.
Amgm‘‘ܶo ~ñVa {Oëô¶mV H$moQ>m‘gma ¶oWo Ago ^yê$n ~Kmd¶mg {‘iVo. g§¶w³V
g§ñWmZÀ¶m Q>oZogr amÁ¶mV 100 JwÝhm AgwZ ݶy ‘op³gH$mo‘ܶo H$mb©g ~°S> hr
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g§M¶Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmar ^yénog§M¶Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmar ^yénog§M¶Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmar ^yénog§M¶Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmar ^yénog§M¶Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmar ^yéno
(1)AYmo‘wIr bdU ñV§^(AYmo‘wIr bdU ñV§^(AYmo‘wIr bdU ñV§^(AYmo‘wIr bdU ñV§^(AYmo‘wIr bdU ñV§^( Stalactite )… )… )… )… )… ^y{‘JV nmʶm‘wio Or Jwhm {Z‘m©U
hmoVo ˶m Jwho‘ܶo JwhoÀ¶m N>VmdéZ jma {‘lrV nmUr Q>nH$Vo d Á¶m {R>H$mUmdê$Z
nmUr Q>nH$V amhVo VoWo jma O‘m hmoVmV d jmamnmgyZ AYmo‘wIr ñV§^ V¶ma hmoVmo.
(2)CÜd©‘wIr bdU ñV§^(CÜd©‘wIr bdU ñV§^(CÜd©‘wIr bdU ñV§^(CÜd©‘wIr bdU ñV§^(CÜd©‘wIr bdU ñV§^( Stalagmite )…)…)…)…)… AYmo‘wIr bdUñV§^ V¶ma hmoV
AgVmZmM CÜd©‘wIr bdU ñV§^ V¶ma hmoVmV nmUr Ooìhm daÀ¶m ^mJmH$Sy>Z Imbr
Á¶m {R>H$mUr Q>nH$Vo VoWo jma O‘m hmoVmV d ¶m jmamnmgyZ CÜd©‘wIr bdU ñV§^
V¶ma hmoVmV.
(3)H$XamñV§^(H$XamñV§^(H$XamñV§^(H$XamñV§^(H$XamñV§^( Pillar )…)…)…)…)… Ooìhm Jwho‘ܶo darb XmoÝhr ñV§^ V¶ma hmoV AgVmZm
˶m§Mr bm§~r dmT>V OmVo d Vo EH$‘oH$m§Zm {MH$Q>VmV. EH$‘oH$m§Zm {MH$Q>ë¶mda Omo ñV§^
V¶ma hmoVmo ˶mg H$XamñV§^ Ago åhUVmV.
CXm. Am§Y« àXoem‘ܶo {demImnQ²>Q>U‘nmgyZ 112 {H$. ‘r. A§Vamda AamHy$ Xar‘ܶo
A{Ve¶ gw§Xa Ago bdU ñV§^ {XgyZ ¶oVmV. ¶mM {R>H$mUr AZ§V{Jar nd©VmOdi ~moam
¶m Q>oH$S>rOdi bdUñV§^ AmT>iVmV. ¶m {edm¶ ‘hmamîQ´>mV dS>Jmd ¶oWo bdUñV§^
AmT>iVmV. gmYmaUV… EH$ g§o. ‘r. bdUñV§^mÀ¶m dmT>rgmR>r H$‘rV H$‘r 100 Vo
150 dfm©Mm H$mbmdYr bmJVmo.AmH¥$Vr 4.11 … AmQ>}{e¶Z {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.11 … AmQ>}{e¶Z {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.11 … AmQ>}{e¶Z {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.11 … AmQ>}{e¶Z {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.11 … AmQ>}{e¶Z {dhra
AmH¥$Vr 4.12 …Pam d {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.12 …Pam d {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.12 …Pam d {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.12 …Pam d {dhraAmH¥$Vr 4.12 …Pam d {dhra
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Deeke=Àleer 4.13 keÀemì& ÒeosMeeleerue YetªHes
4.6meceejesHe
4.7ÒeMve
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IeìkeÀ -5
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dm{f©H$ gamgar 20 go.‘r. nojm H$‘r nmD$g nS>Vmo Vmo àXoe AmogmS> dmid§Q>r d OoWo
dm{f©H$ gamgar 20 Vo 40 go.‘r. BVH$m nmD$g nS>Vmo. Vmo àXoe {Z‘AmogmS> dmid§Q>r
åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. AZoH$ I§S>mÀ¶m npíM‘ ^mJmV OJmVrb à‘wI dmid§Q>o
ngabobr AmT>iVmV.
ê$j AmogmS> àXoemV A˶m{YH$ Vmn‘mZ AgVo. A˶m{YH$ Vmn‘mZm‘wio {Xdgm
IS>H$ àgaU nmdVmV d amÌr Vmn‘mZ H$‘r Pmë¶mZo Vo AmHw§$MZ nmdVmV. àgaUmÀ¶m
d AmHw§$MZmÀ¶m {H«$¶o‘wio IS>H$mMr VyQ>’y$Q> hmoD$Z H$mbm§VamZo ˶mMo ~marH$ ‘mVrV d
aoVrV énm§Va hmoVo. ¶m aoVrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo dmam Amnbo H$m¶© H$aVmo. dmam àm‘w»¶mZo
IZZ, dhZ d ^aU Ago VrZ àH$maMo H$m¶© H$aVmo.
5.2 dmè`mMo H$m`©5.2 dmè`mMo H$m`©5.2 dmè`mMo H$m`©5.2 dmè`mMo H$m`©5.2 dmè`mMo H$m`©
dmè¶mMo IZZ (Anj¶) H$m¶©…dmè¶mMo IZZ (Anj¶) H$m¶©…dmè¶mMo IZZ (Anj¶) H$m¶©…dmè¶mMo IZZ (Anj¶) H$m¶©…dmè¶mMo IZZ (Anj¶) H$m¶©… dmè¶mnmgwZ hmoUmao IZZ H$m¶© àm‘w»¶mZo ¶m¨{ÌH$
ñdê$nmMo AgVo. dmid§Q>mVyZ dmam dmhV AgVmZm ˶mÀ¶m ~amo~a YwirMo H$U d
dmiyMo bhmZ‘moR>o VwH$S>o gwÜXm AgVmV. ¶m nXmWm©À¶m ghmæ¶mZo dmam IZZmZo H$m¶©
H$aVmo. nU dmè¶mMo ho IZZ H$m¶© gd©Ì gmaIo ZgVo. H$maU dmè¶mMo IZZ H$m¶©
nwT>rb XmoZ JmoîQ>rda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
(1)dmè¶mMm doJ…dmè¶mMm doJ…dmè¶mMm doJ…dmè¶mMm doJ…dmè¶mMm doJ… dmè¶mÀ¶m JVrda dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWmªMo à‘mU
Adb§~yZ AgVo. doJmZo dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m~amo~a {Za{Zamio nXmW© EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ
Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV. ˶m‘wio IZZmMr {H«$¶m ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV hmoVo.
¶mCbQ> dmam ‘§XJVrZo dmhV Agë¶mg IZZmMo H$m¶© H$‘r à‘mUmV hmoVo.
(2)dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo ñdê$n…dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo ñdê$n…dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo ñdê$n…dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo ñdê$n…dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo ñdê$n… dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmao nXmW© OS>
d AUHw$MrXma AgVrb Va ˶m nXmWm©À¶m AmKmVm‘wio ^yn¥îR>mMr ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmda PrO
hmoVo. AWm©V hr JmoîQ> XoIrb dmè¶mÀ¶m JVrdaM Adb§~yZ AgVo. ˶m‘wio XmoÝhr JmoîQ>r
EH$mM doir H$m¶© H$arV AgVrb Va dmè¶mÀ¶m Kf©U H$m¶m©bm ‘XV hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 5.1 … dmè¶m‘wio hmoUmao dhZAmH¥$Vr 5.1 … dmè¶m‘wio hmoUmao dhZAmH¥$Vr 5.1 … dmè¶m‘wio hmoUmao dhZAmH¥$Vr 5.1 … dmè¶m‘wio hmoUmao dhZAmH¥$Vr 5.1 … dmè¶m‘wio hmoUmao dhZ
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5.35.35.35.35.3dmè`mÀ`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$nodmè`mÀ`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$nodmè`mÀ`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$nodmè`mÀ`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$nodmè`mÀ`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$no
ê$j àXoemVrb dmè¶mÀ¶m IZZ(Anj¶) H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmar ^y‘rñdê$no dmam
dmhV AgVmZm dmè¶m~amo~a IS>H$§mMo VwH$S>o, aoVr, ‘mVr B˶mXr nXmW© dmhV OmVmV.
˶m‘wio ^yn¥îR>mMr PrO hmoD$Z ˶mnmgyZ nwT>rb ^y‘rñdê$no {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
(1)JV© qH$dm IiJo (JV© qH$dm IiJo (JV© qH$dm IiJo (JV© qH$dm IiJo (JV© qH$dm IiJo ( Blowout or Deflated Hollows )…)…)…)…)… dmid§Q>mV {Xdgm
Vmn‘mZ Iyn AgVo. ˶m‘wio {Xdgm VoWrb IS>H$ àgaU nmdVmV. amÌr dmid§Q>mV
Vmn‘mZ H$‘r AgVo. ˶m‘wio IS>H$ AmHw§$MZ nmdVmV. àgaUmÀ¶m d AmHw§$MZmÀ¶m
{H«$¶o‘wio IS>H$m§Mr VwQ>’y$Q> hmoVo. IS>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o dmè¶m~amo~a Xÿa dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV.
˶m‘wio dmid§Q>mV IiJo V¶ma hmoVmV. ¶m§ZmM JV© åhUVmV.
(2) dmVK¥îQ> (dmVK¥îQ> (dmVK¥îQ> (dmVK¥îQ> (dmVK¥îQ> ( Ventifact )…)…)…)…)… dmid§Q>mV dmè¶mÀ¶m dmhV ¶oUmè¶m dmiy d
IS>H$m§À¶m H$Um§À¶m Kf©Um‘wio IS>H$m§À¶m (XJS>JmoQ>¶m§Mr)VwH$S>¶m§Mr PrO hmodyZ ˶m§Mo
n¥îR>^mJ JwiJwirV hmoVmV. ¶m IS>H$mÀ¶m VwH$S>¶m§Zm dmVK¥îQ>( Ventifact ) Ago åhUVmV.
¶m§Zm H$moUVmM AmH$ma ZgVmo.
H$Yr H$Yr dmid§Q>mV dmam Mmohmo ~mOy§Zr dmhV Agob Va Aemdoir IS>H$m§À¶m VwH$S>¶m§Mo
{VÝhr ^mJ {POyZ ˶m§Zm {ÌH$moUmgmaIm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. ˶m§Zm Ͷ{ZH$Ͷ{ZH$Ͷ{ZH$Ͷ{ZH$Ͷ{ZH$ ( Dreikanters )
Ago åhUVmV. CXm. ghmam dmid§Q>mV ¶màH$mao nwîH$i {ÌH$moUr IS>H$ AmT>iVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 5.2 …AmH¥$Vr 5.2 …AmH¥$Vr 5.2 …AmH¥$Vr 5.2 …AmH¥$Vr 5.2 … J V © q H $ d m I i J o J V © q H $ d m I i J o J V © q H $ d m I i J o J V © q H $ d m I i J o J V © q H $ d m I i J o
AmH¥$Vr 5.3 … AmH¥$Vr 5.3 … AmH¥$Vr 5.3 … AmH¥$Vr 5.3 … AmH¥$Vr 5.3 … dmVK¥îQ>Mr {Z{‘©Vr Q>ßnodmVK¥îQ>Mr {Z{‘©Vr Q>ßnodmVK¥îQ>Mr {Z{‘©Vr Q>ßnodmVK¥îQ>Mr {Z{‘©Vr Q>ßnodmVK¥îQ>Mr {Z{‘©Vr Q>ßnomunotes.in

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(3)^yN>Ì IS>H$ (^yN>Ì IS>H$ (^yN>Ì IS>H$ (^yN>Ì IS>H$ (^yN>Ì IS>H$ ( Mushroom Rock )…)…)…)…)… dmid§Q>mVrb IS>H$mda Mmohmo~mOy§Zr
dmam dmhV ¶oD$Z IS>H$m§Mr PrO H$aVmo. Voìhm ^yN>Ì IS>H$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.
dmid§Q>mVrb AgUmao C§MdQ>o qH$dm IS>H$ ¶m§À¶mVrb WamV daMo Wa H$R>rU d
ImbMo Wa ‘¥Xþ àH$maMo AgVrb Va ImbÀ¶m WamV PrO hmoD$Z IS>H$m§Zm (Ami§~r)
gmaIm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. ¶m§ZmM ^yN>Ì IS>H$^yN>Ì IS>H$^yN>Ì IS>H$^yN>Ì IS>H$^yN>Ì IS>H$ åhUVmV.
dmid§Q>mV Aem IS>H$mda IZZ {H«$¶m gVV Mmby am{hë¶mg IS>H$mÀ¶m VimOdirb
^mJ ~marH$ hmoVmo d daMm ^mJ H$‘r {POyZ N>ÌrMm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. Aem àH$maÀ¶m
^yAmH$mambm ^yN>Ì IS>H$ åhUVmV. ~hþVoH$ dmid§Q>mV hm àH$ma AmT>iVmo.
(4)¶maXm§J(¶maXm§J(¶maXm§J(¶maXm§J(¶maXm§J( Yardang )…)…)…)…)… dmid§Q>mV H$R>rU d ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$m§Mo Wa ^yn¥îR>mbm
b§~ê$n(C^o) AgVrb Va dmè¶mÀ¶m IZZ H$m¶m©‘wio ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$m§Mr H$R>rU IS>H$m§nojm
A{YH$ PrO hmoVo d ¶maXm§J ¶m ^yê$nmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 5.5 `maXm§JAmH¥$Vr 5.5 `maXm§JAmH¥$Vr 5.5 `maXm§JAmH¥$Vr 5.5 `maXm§JAmH¥$Vr 5.5 `maXm§JAmH¥$Vr 5.4 ^yN>Ì IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 5.4 ^yN>Ì IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 5.4 ^yN>Ì IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 5.4 ^yN>Ì IS>H$AmH¥$Vr 5.4 ^yN>Ì IS>H$
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(3)¶wOoZ(¶wOoZ(¶wOoZ(¶wOoZ(¶wOoZ( Zeugen )…)…)…)…)… dmid§Q>r ^mJmV EImÚm {R>H$mUr H$R>rU IS>H$ d ‘¥Xÿ
IS>H$mMo Wa ^yn¥îR>mbm g‘m§Va d EH$‘oH$m§da AgVmV. Oa H$R>rU IS>H$mMm Wa ‘¥Xÿ
IS>H$mda Agob Va _¥Xþ IS>H$m§Mr PrO IZZ {H«$¶o‘wio hmoD$Z ¶wOoZ ^yénmMr
{Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.
(5)Ûrn{Jar(Ûrn{Jar(Ûrn{Jar(Ûrn{Jar(Ûrn{Jar( Inselberg )…)…)…)…)… BÝgob~J© hm O‘©Z ^mfoVrb eãX AgyZ ¶mMm AW©
nd©V, Ûrn, {Ûnr¶ nd©V Agm hmoVmo.
dmid§Q>mV J«°ZmBQ> d {Zggma»¶m
IS>H$m§Mr PrO hmoD$Z ˶mMo ‘mWo
JmobmH$ma hmoVmV d CVma Vrd« AgVmo.
dmid§Q>r àXoemVrb dmè¶mÀ¶m IZZ
{H«$¶oV ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$mMo IZZ bdH$a hmoVo.
na§Vw H$R>rU IS>H$ EH$m A{d{eîQ>
Q>oH$S>rà‘mUo {XgVmV. ¶m§ZmM dmV{Z{‘©V
{Ûn{Jar {Ûn{Jar {Ûn{Jar {Ûn{Jar {Ûn{Jar åhUVmV.
dmid§Q>mV nS>Umam WmoS>m nmD$g d
dmam ¶m§À¶m g§¶w³V {H«$¶oZo Ago C§MdQ>o
V¶ma hmoVmV. Aer ^yéno H$bhmar
dmid§Q>, Zm¶Oo[a¶m, ¶wJm§S>m d
Am°ñQ´>o{b¶Z dmid§Q>mV AmT>iVmV.
(6)‘ogm(‘ogm(‘ogm(‘ogm(‘ogm( Mesa )…)…)…)…)… ‘ogm hm
ñn°{Ze eãX Amho. ¶mMm AW© Q>o~b
Agm hmoVmo. dmid§Q>mÀ¶m H$mhr ^mJm§V
H$R>rU ‘D$ IS>H$m§Mo AmS>do Wa
AgVmV. Aem ^mJmV Ki¶m {Z‘m©U
Pmboë¶m AgVmV. dmè¶mÀ¶m Kf©U
H$m¶m©‘wio Aem ^mJmVrb darb H$R>rU
IS>H$m§Mr PrO hmoV Zmhr. nU Aem
^mJmÀ¶m AmOy~mOyg Ki¶m {Z‘m©U
AmH¥$Vr 5.6 … Â`wOoZAmH¥$Vr 5.6 … Â`wOoZAmH¥$Vr 5.6 … Â`wOoZAmH¥$Vr 5.6 … Â`wOoZAmH¥$Vr 5.6 … Â`wOoZ
AmH¥$Vr 5.8AmH¥$Vr 5.8AmH¥$Vr 5.8AmH¥$Vr 5.8AmH¥$Vr 5.8‘ogm‘ogm‘ogm‘ogm‘ogmH$R>rU H$R>rU H$R>rU H$R>rU H$R>rU
IS>H$IS>H$IS>H$IS>H$IS>H$
AmH¥$Vr 5.7AmH¥$Vr 5.7AmH¥$Vr 5.7AmH¥$Vr 5.7AmH¥$Vr 5.7Ûrn{JarÛrn{JarÛrn{JarÛrn{JarÛrn{Jar
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Pmboë¶m Agë¶mZo ˶m§Mr dmè¶m§À¶m Kf©U H$m¶m©Zo PrO hmoVo. hm ^mJ Mm¡H$moZr
Q>o~bgmaIm [XgVmo. ¶mbmM ‘ogm (‘ogm (‘ogm (‘ogm (‘ogm ( Mesa))))) åhUVmV. ‘ogmÀ¶m ~mOy Vrd« CVmamÀ¶m
AgVmV.
(7)‘¥{ÎmH$m ñV§^(‘¥{ÎmH$m ñV§^(‘¥{ÎmH$m ñV§^(‘¥{ÎmH$m ñV§^(‘¥{ÎmH$m ñV§^( Earth Pillar ) (^yñV§^)…) (^yñV§^)…) (^yñV§^)…) (^yñV§^)…) (^yñV§^)… dmid§Q>mV OoWo ‘D$ IS>H$mda
H$R>rU IS>H$mMm ^mJ AgVmo, VoWo dmè¶mÀ¶m IZZ H$m¶m©‘wio ‘D$ IS>H$mMr PrO
hmoD$Z ˶mg Im§~mMm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. H$mbm§VamZo ¶m Im§~mÀ¶m {eamo^mJr Agboë¶m
IS>H$mMr PrO hmoD$Z ˶mg gmYmaU Jmob AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. hm H$R>rU IS>H$mMm
^mJ ‘mUgmÀ¶m S>mo³¶bm ’o$Q>m ~m§Yë¶mà‘mUo {XgVmo. ¶m Im§~mMr C§Mr 10 ‘rQ>g©
n¶ªV AgVo. ¶m§ZmM ‘¥{ÎmH$m‘¥{ÎmH$m‘¥{ÎmH$m‘¥{ÎmH$m‘¥{ÎmH$m ñV§^ qH$dm ^yñV§^^yñV§^^yñV§^^yñV§^^yñV§^ åhUVmV. ’«$mÝgÀ¶m ewîH$ àXoemV
Ago ‘¥{ÎmH$m ñV§^ AmTiVmV.
(8)ZjrXma XJS>(ZjrXma XJS>(ZjrXma XJS>(ZjrXma XJS>(ZjrXma XJS>( Stone Lettice )…)…)…)…)… dmè¶mV AgUmao dmiyMo H$U IS>H$mdê$Z
KmgVmV d IS>H$mda EH$ àH$maMr Zjr V¶ma hmoVo. åhUyZ ˶mg ( Stone Lettice )
åhUVmV.>
(9)IS>H$ Jdmj(IS>H$ Jdmj(IS>H$ Jdmj(IS>H$ Jdmj(IS>H$ Jdmj( Rock Window )…)…)…)…)… d IS>H$ goVy( Rock Bridge )… dmè¶mÀ¶m
‘mJm©Vrb C§MdQ>o, IS>H$ dm ‘¥XmñV§^mV
ImobJQ> ^mJ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. H$mbm§VamZo
˶mMo Amanma {N>ÐmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ˶mg
IS>H$ Jdmj åhUVmV. Aem IS>H$m§Mo dm
C§MdQ>¶m§Mo VimÀ¶m ~mOyZo {N>Ð ‘moR>o
Pmë¶mg daMm ^mJ H$‘mZrgmaIm ~ZVmo.
hr H$‘mZ nwbmgmaIr {XgVo. ˶mbm
IS>H$ goVy åhUVmV. ¶m goVyImbyZ
añVmhr V¶ma Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm.
A‘o[aHo$Vrb CQ>mh amÁ¶mVrb aoZ~«mo {~«O
AemM àH$maMm Amho. Ab~m‘m ^mJmV
Ago nyb AmhoV.
ê$j àXoemVrb dmè¶mÀ¶m g§M¶Z H$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmar ^y‘rñdéno Kf©U
H$m¶m©‘wio ^yn¥îR>mMr PrO hmoD$Z {Z‘m©U Pmbobo gyú‘ H$U XJS>mMo VwH$S>o dmam EH$m
{R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr dmhÿZ ZoVmo. Á¶m {R>H$mUr dmè¶mMm doJ ‘§XmdVmo qH$dm
dmè¶mÀ¶m ‘mJm©V PwSw>no qH$dm Aݶ AS>Wim Amë¶mg ˶m {R>H$mUr nXmWm©Mo g§M¶Z
hmoVo. Aem g§M¶Zm‘wio nwT>rb ^y‘rñdê$no {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 5.9 … IS>H$ JdmjAmH¥$Vr 5.9 … IS>H$ JdmjAmH¥$Vr 5.9 … IS>H$ JdmjAmH¥$Vr 5.9 … IS>H$ JdmjAmH¥$Vr 5.9 … IS>H$ Jdmjmunotes.in

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(1)dmbwH$m{Jar qH$dm dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m(dmbwH$m{Jar qH$dm dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m(dmbwH$m{Jar qH$dm dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m(dmbwH$m{Jar qH$dm dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m(dmbwH$m{Jar qH$dm dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m( Sand Dunes )…)…)…)…)… dmid§Q>mVyZ doJmZo
dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m~amo~a dmiy EH$m
{R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr dmhÿZ Zobr
OmVo. ¶m dmè¶mÀ¶m ‘mJm©V PwSw>no qH$dm
IS>H$m§Mo C§M ^mJ AmS>do Amë¶mg ˶m
{R>H$mUr dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m
dmiyMo g§M¶Z hmoD$ bmJVo. ¶m àH$mao
dmiyMo g§M¶Z hmoD$Z VoWo dmiy§À¶m
Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m§ZmM dmbwH${Jar
qH$dm dmiyMo ñVyn åhUVmV.
(2)b§~mH¥$Vr qH$dm ndZmZwdVub§~mH¥$Vr qH$dm ndZmZwdVub§~mH¥$Vr qH$dm ndZmZwdVub§~mH¥$Vr qH$dm ndZmZwdVub§~mH¥$Vr qH$dm ndZmZwdVu
dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m (dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m (dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m (dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m (dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m ( Longitudinal or
Seif Dunes )))))… ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m dmè¶mÀ¶m {Xeog g‘m§Va bm§~ d Aê§$X Aem {Z‘m©U
hmoVmV. dmid§Q>mV OmñV doJmZo
dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m‘wio ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr
hmoVo. ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§Zm g¡’$ S>¶wZ ( Seif
dunes) Agohr åhUVmV. ¶m§Mr C§Mr
gw‘mao 100‘r. Va bm§~r 80 {H$.‘r.
n¶ªV AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. CXm. amOñWmZmV
ehmJS>À¶m npíM‘og VgoM ghmam
dmid§Q>mV ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m AmT>iVmV.
(3) ~maIU(~maIU(~maIU(~maIU(~maIU( Barkhan )…)…)…)…)…
M§ÐmH¥$Vr dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m( Barkhan )
dmè¶mÀ¶m {Xeoer H$mQ>H$moZmV Aer
¶m§Mr dmT> hmoVo. ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m ‘ܶ^mJr
’w$Jra ~{hd©H«$ d EH$m ~mOyg A§Vd©H«$
CVmamÀ¶m AgyZ XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§Zm {Z‘wi˶m hmoV Joboë¶m AgVmV. ¶m§À¶m Q>moH$m§Zm
nwÀN>(Horns ) Ago åhUVmV.
¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr dmè¶mH$S>rb ~mOy ‘§X
CVmamMr d {dê$ÜX ~mOy {eK« CVmamMr
AgVo.dmam ԤX AgyZ ~marH$ dmiyMm
gVV d nwîH$i nwadR>m hmoV Agob Va
¶m AY©M§ÐmH¥$Vr Q>oH$S>¶m V¶ma hmoVmV.
¶m§Zm ( Sickle shaped sand dunes )
Agohr åhUVmV. VwH©$ñWmZmV Aem
AY©M§ÐmH¥$Vr Q>oH$S>¶m nwîH$i AmT>iVmV.
VoWo ˶m§Zm ~maIU Ago åhUVmV.
~maIU dmè¶mÀ¶m {XeoZo EH$mbm EH$AmH¥$Vr 5.10AmH¥$Vr 5.10AmH¥$Vr 5.10AmH¥$Vr 5.10AmH¥$Vr 5.10
AmH¥$Vr 5.12 ~maIUAmH¥$Vr 5.12 ~maIUAmH¥$Vr 5.12 ~maIUAmH¥$Vr 5.12 ~maIUAmH¥$Vr 5.12 ~maIU
AmH¥$Vr 5.11 ndZmZwdVr dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶mAmH¥$Vr 5.11 ndZmZwdVr dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶mAmH¥$Vr 5.11 ndZmZwdVr dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶mAmH¥$Vr 5.11 ndZmZwdVr dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶mAmH¥$Vr 5.11 ndZmZwdVr dmiyÀ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m
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bmJyZ gmIir gmaIo V¶ma Pmbobo AgVmV. H$Yr H$Yr ¶m àH$maÀ¶m XmoZ qH$dm
A{YH$ Q>oH$S>¶m EH$‘oH$m§Zm {‘iVmV. ˶m‘wio ‘ܶ^mJmV Q>oH$S>¶m§Mr C§Mr EH$X‘ dmT>Vo
¶mdoir nwadR>m H$‘r Pmbm d dmè¶mMm doJ dmT>bm Va ¶m Q>oH$S>¶m§À¶m CVmamda
ImobJQ> ^mJ V¶ma hmoVmV ¶m§Zm ( Blow out )Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$maÀ¶m ~maIUmMr
C§Mr 30 ‘r. nojm OmñV AgVo. dmiyMm gVV nwadR>m hmoV Agob Va ~maIU
Amnë¶m ‘yi OmJoVyZ nwT>onwT>o gaH$VmV. ˶m‘wio H$YrH$Yr {hadirÀ¶m OmJm ZîQ> hmoVmV.
~maIU H$Yr H$Yr EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ doJio Va H$Yr g‘yhmV AmT>iVmV. CXm.
amOñWmZmVrb ~ma‘oa n[agamV VgoM BamU, ghmamÀ¶m dmid§Q>r àXoemV ~maIU
AmT>iVmV. ˶m§Mr C§Mr 220 Vo 300 ‘r. bm§~r 6 {H$. ‘r. n¶ªV AmT>iVo.
(4)C‘u {MÝho (C‘u {MÝho (C‘u {MÝho (C‘u {MÝho (C‘u {MÝho ( Ripple Marks )…)…)…)…)… dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV ¶oUmè¶m ‘mVr d ~marH$
dmiyÀ¶m g§M¶ZmZo Aer {MÝho {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. AZoH$ doim ‘mVr d ~marH$ dmiyMo H$‘r
A{YH$ à‘mUmV g§M¶Z hmoVo. ¶m g§M¶ZmMo Ñí¶ nmʶmÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmdarb
ObVa§Jmà‘mUo AgVo. ¶m g§M¶ZmMr C§Mr 1/2 g|. ‘r. n¶ªV AgVo, ¶m§ZmM C‘u
{MÝho åhUVmV. hr {MÝho AñWm¶r ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. doJmZo dmhUmè¶m dmè`m_wio hr
{MÝho Zm{her hmoVmV.
(5)bmoEg(bmoEg(bmoEg(bmoEg(bmoEg( Loess )…)…)…)…)… dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV ¶oUmè¶m A{Vgwú‘ H$Um§Zr dmè¶mMm doJ
H$‘r hmoVmo Am{U A{Vgwú‘ H$Um§Mo VoWo g§M¶Z Pmë¶mda H$mbm§VamZo ¶m g§M¶ZmnmgyZ
‘¡XmZm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m ‘¡Xm§ZmZm bmoEg ‘¡XmZo Ago åhUVmV. bmoEg åhUOo ‘D$
{ndiga A˶§V ~m[aH$ ‘mVr. bmoEgMo H$U 0.02 ‘r. ‘r. nojm H$‘r ì¶mgmMo
AgVmV. Vo gpÀN>Ð AgyZ nmUr Yê$Z R>odʶmMm ˶m§Mm JwUY‘© AgVmo. bmoEg
‘mVrÀ¶m g§M¶ZmMr OmS>r 15 Vo 30 ‘r. n¶ªV AmT>iVo.
MrZÀ¶m CÎma ^mJmV hmo¶m±Jhmo Imoè¶mV d emÝgr àm§VmV OJmVrb ‘moR>m bmoEg
àXoe AmhoV. ¶mMo joÌ gw‘mao 6 bmI Mm¡. {H$. ‘r. AgyZ ¶mMr OmS>r 100 _r Vo
1000‘r. n¶ªV Amho. VgoM A‘o[aHo$Vrb {‘{ggrnr, {‘gyar Imoè¶mV, ‘ܶ ~opëO¶‘,
B©emݶ d nyd© ’«$mÝg B. {R>H$mUr bmoEgMo àXoe AmT>iVmV. ‘mVrVrb A°ë¶w{‘{ZA‘,
{g{bH$m, A^«H$, ³dmQ>©P, ’o$ëS>ñnma B. KQ>H$ AgVmV. ˶m‘wio Aem ^mJmV
bmoH$dñVr XmQ> AmT>iVo.
(6)dm¶wOݶ nR>mao…dm¶wOݶ nR>mao…dm¶wOݶ nR>mao…dm¶wOݶ nR>mao…dm¶wOݶ nR>mao… dmid§Q>mVyZ dmè¶m~amo~a dmhV OmUmè¶m gyú‘ ‘mVrÀ¶m
H$Um§Mo EImÚm ^mJmV hOmamo df} g§M¶Z hmoD$Z H$mhr doim nR>mao {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
¶m§ZmM dm¶yOݶ nR>mao qH$dm bmoEg nR>mao åhUVmV. CÎma MrZ‘Yrb hmo¶m±JhmoÀ¶m
Imoè¶mVrb bmoEg nR>ma d nm{H$ñVmZmVrb nmoQ>dmaMo nR>ma hr nR>mao AemM àH$mao V¶ma
Pmbobr AmhoV.
5.45.45.45.45.4gmJar bmQ>m§Mo H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo H$m¶©
gmJar bmQ>m…gmJar bmQ>m…gmJar bmQ>m…gmJar bmQ>m…gmJar bmQ>m… n¥ÏdrMm gw‘mao 71 % ^ m J O b m e ¶ m Z o ì ¶ m n b o b m A m h o . g m J a
XoIrb EH$ H$maH$ AgwZ ˶mMo H$m¶© gmJar {H$Zmè¶mn¶ªV ‘¶m©{XV AgVo. ^aVr-munotes.in

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AmohmoQ>r, g‘wÐàdmh ¶m§À¶m‘m’©$V gmJamMo AnajU H$m¶© hmoVo Va gmJar bmQ>mMo H$m¶©
ZXr, {h‘ZXr, dmam ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©nojmhr A{YH$ à^mdr AgVo.
^y‘r Am{U g‘wÐ Á¶m ^mJmV EH$‘oH$m§Zm ¶oD$Z {‘iVmV. ˶m ^mJmg g‘wÐ{H$Zmam
åhUVmV.( The term coast is conventiently used to indicate the zone of contact
between land and sea ) ¶m eãXmV E’²$. Oo ‘m°H$mCgZo g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mMr ì¶m»¶m
Ho$br.
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb bmQ>mMo H$m¶© …g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb bmQ>mMo H$m¶© …g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb bmQ>mMo H$m¶© …g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb bmQ>mMo H$m¶© …g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb bmQ>mMo H$m¶© … g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ
AmUʶmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V bmQ>mMo H$m¶© ‘hÎdmMo AgVo. g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mda nS>Umam bmQ>m§Mm
à^md hm bmQ>m§À¶m ep³Vda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mda bmQ>m {OV³¶m doJmZo
AmXiVmV {VV³¶mM OmñV à‘mUmV g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z ¶oVo.
bmQ>m§À¶m H$m¶m©da Imbrb ~m~rMm à^md nS>Vmo.
(1){H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§Mr aMZm…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§Mr aMZm…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§Mr aMZm…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§Mr aMZm…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§Mr aMZm… {H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$ Oa ‘¥Xÿ AgVrb Va
bmQ>m§À¶m AmKmVm‘wio {H$Zmè¶mMo jaU doJmZo KSy>Z ¶oVo. H$R>rU IS>H$m§nmgyZ ~Zboë¶m
{H$Zmè¶mda ¶m àH$maMr {H«$¶m ‘§X JVrZo hmoVo.
(2){H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mm H«$‘…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mm H«$‘…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mm H«$‘…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mm H«$‘…{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mm H«$‘… IS>H$m§Mo Wa Oa C^o AgVrb Va
bmQ>m§Mo H$m¶© ‘§X JVrZo KSy>Z ¶oVo. Oa IS>H$m§Mo Wa AmS>do AgVrb Va bmQ>mMo H$m¶©
ObXJVrZo hmoVo.
(3)IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mr H$bʶmMr {Xem…IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mr H$bʶmMr {Xem…IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mr H$bʶmMr {Xem…IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mr H$bʶmMr {Xem…IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Mr H$bʶmMr {Xem… IS>H$m§Mo Wa nañnam§Zm g‘m§Va d AmS>do
AgVrb Am{U Vo g‘wÐmH$S>o H$bbobo AgVrb Va Aemdoir {H$Zmè¶mda bmQ>mÀ¶m
AmKmVm‘wio jaUmMr {H«$¶m ObX JVrZo KSy>Z ¶oVo. ¶mCbQ> IS>H$m§Mo Wa {dê$ÜX
~mOybm PwH$bo AgVrb Va jaUmMr {H«$¶m ‘§X JVrZo KSy>Z ¶oVo.
(4)bmQ>m§Mm doJ d {Xem…bmQ>m§Mm doJ d {Xem…bmQ>m§Mm doJ d {Xem…bmQ>m§Mm doJ d {Xem…bmQ>m§Mm doJ d {Xem… jaUmMo H$m¶©, bmQ>m§Mm doJ d {Xem ¶m da Adb§~yZ
AgVo. Oa bmQ>m§Mm doJ OmñV Agob d ˶m {H$Zmè¶mda bmQ>m Oa gai {XeoZo
AmKmV H$aV AgVrb Va Aemdoir {H$Zmè¶mMo ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV jaU hmoVo. ¶mCbQ
bmQ>m H$‘r doJmZo d {Va߶m {XeoZo {H$Zmè¶mda AmKmV H$aV AgVrb Va {H$Zmè¶mdarb
IS>H$m§Mo jaU H$‘r à‘mUmV hmoVo.
(5)bmQ>m~amo~a dmhÿZ ¶oUmao nXmW©…bmQ>m~amo~a dmhÿZ ¶oUmao nXmW©…bmQ>m~amo~a dmhÿZ ¶oUmao nXmW©…bmQ>m~amo~a dmhÿZ ¶oUmao nXmW©…bmQ>m~amo~a dmhÿZ ¶oUmao nXmW©… b m Q > m § ~ a m o ~ a d m h V ¶ o U m a o n X m W © O a O m ñ V
AgVrb d Vo nXmW© Amo~S>Ymo~S> AgVrb Va bmQ>m§H$Sy>Z {H$Zmè¶mdarb jaU H$m¶©
’$ma ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV KSy>Z ¶oVo. ¶mCbQ> bmQ>m~amo~a dmhV ¶oUmao nXmW© Oa H$‘r
AgVrb> d Vo nXmW© Amo~S>Ymo~S> ZgVrb Va bmQ>m§H$Sy>Z {H$Zmè¶mdarb jaUH$m¶© H$‘r
à‘mUmV KSy>Z ¶oVo.
gmJar bmQ>m§Mo jaU H$m¶© …gmJar bmQ>m§Mo jaU H$m¶© …gmJar bmQ>m§Mo jaU H$m¶© …gmJar bmQ>m§Mo jaU H$m¶© …gmJar bmQ>m§Mo jaU H$m¶© … g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mda ’w$Q>Umè¶m bmQ>m‘wio jaUH$m¶© KS>Vo.
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mda AmnQ>Umè¶m bmQ>m ¶m ’$ma e³Vrembr AgVmV. ¶m àM§S> e³VrÀ¶m
bmQ>m‘wio g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb ^mJmV IS>H$ {POVmV d ˶mMo VwH$S>o hmoVmV. ˶mVwZmunotes.in

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{Za{Zamio ^yAmH$ma {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
5.5 gmJar bmQ>m§À`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$no5.5 gmJar bmQ>m§À`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$no5.5 gmJar bmQ>m§À`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$no5.5 gmJar bmQ>m§À`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$no5.5 gmJar bmQ>m§À`m H$m`m©_wio V`ma Pmbobr ^yê$no
g‘wÐ bmQ>m§À¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^yAmH$ma/^y{deof …g‘wÐ bmQ>m§À¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^yAmH$ma/^y{deof …g‘wÐ bmQ>m§À¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^yAmH$ma/^y{deof …g‘wÐ bmQ>m§À¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^yAmH$ma/^y{deof …g‘wÐ bmQ>m§À¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^yAmH$ma/^y{deof … g‘wÐ
bmQ>m§À¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio Imbrb ^yAmH$ma {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.(1) AmImV d ^y{ea (2)
AY©dV©wimH$ma IiJo(H$moìhoO) (3) g‘wÐ H$S>m (4) gmJar Jwhm (5) g‘wÐVQ>r¶ H$‘mZr
d ñV§^ (6) Va§JKfu M~wVam
(1)AmImV d ^y{ea (AmImV d ^y{ea (AmImV d ^y{ea (AmImV d ^y{ea (AmImV d ^y{ea ( Bay and Promontaries )…)…)…)…)… gmJa{H$Zmè¶mdarb ^y^mJ
‘¥Xÿ d H${R>U IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§Zr ~Zbobm Agë¶mg bmQ>m§À¶m {Za§Va AmKmVmZo ‘¥Xÿ
IS>H$m§Mr OmñVrV OmñV PrO hmoVo. H$mbm§VamZo {POo‘wio ¶m ^mJmV gmJamMo nmUr
O‘rZrV AmV {eaë¶mgmaIo {XgVo. Aem ^yX¥í¶mbm AmImV Ago åhUVmV.
gmJa{H$Zmè¶mdarb H$R>rU IS>H$m§Mr PrO ‘mÌ ’$maer hmoV Zgë¶mZo Aem IS>H$m§Mo
bm§~Q> AmH$mamMo ^mJ gmJamÀ¶m AmV {eaë¶mgmaIo {XgVmV. ¶m§g ^y{ea^y{ea^y{ea^y{ea^y{ea Ago
åhUVmV.
(2)g‘wÐH$S>m(g‘wÐH$S>m(g‘wÐH$S>m(g‘wÐH$S>m(g‘wÐH$S>m( Sea Cliff )))))… gmJa{H$Zmè¶mMm ^mJ EH$mM àH$maÀ¶m IS>H$m§Zr
~Zbobm Agob Va ˶mda bmQ>m§Mm ‘mam EH$gmaIm hmoD$Z Cä¶m q^VrgmaIm ^mJ
V¶ma hmoVmo. ¶mbmM g‘wÐH$S>mg‘wÐH$S>mg‘wÐH$S>mg‘wÐH$S>mg‘wÐH$S>m Ago åhUVmV.
bmQ>mÀ¶m AmKmVm‘wio H$S>¶mÀ¶m nm¶Ï¶mer P{O A{YH$ à‘mUmV hmoVo. ‘mÌ
˶mdarb {PObobm ^mJ g‘wÐmH$S>o H$bbobm Agë¶mgmaIm dmQ>Vmo. ˶mg bQ>H$mH$S>m
Ago åhUVmV. H$mbm§VamZo bQ>H$˶m AmYma ZîQ> Pmë¶mZo H$S>m H$mogiVmo. d nwÝhm
gai H$S>m V¶ma hmoVmo. lrdY©Z-h[ahaoída d aËZm{JarÀ¶m {H$ZmanÅrda Ago H$S>o
AmhoV.
(3)gmJar Jwhm(gmJar Jwhm(gmJar Jwhm(gmJar Jwhm(gmJar Jwhm( Sea Caves ) d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘Ur(C^o {N>Ð)() d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘Ur(C^o {N>Ð)() d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘Ur(C^o {N>Ð)() d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘Ur(C^o {N>Ð)() d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘Ur(C^o {N>Ð)( Blow Holes )/)/)/)/)/
Natural Chimaney … gmJar{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§da bmQ>m§À¶m {Za§Va AmKmVm‘wio
IS>H$m§À¶m nm¶Ï¶mer PrO OmñV hmoD$Z àW‘ VoWo Imob IS²>S>m V¶ma hmoVmo. ¶m ImobAmH¥$Vr 5.13 … AmImV d ^yeraAmH¥$Vr 5.13 … AmImV d ^yeraAmH¥$Vr 5.13 … AmImV d ^yeraAmH¥$Vr 5.13 … AmImV d ^yeraAmH¥$Vr 5.13 … AmImV d ^yera
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IS²>S>¶mV bmQ>§mMo nmUr ^modè¶mà‘mUo MH«$mH$ma {’$ê$ bmJVmo. ¶m‘wio H$nmarMm/
IS²>S>¶mMm ^mJ {demb hmoD$Z JwhmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. aËZm{Jar ¶oWo gw‘mao 70 ‘rQ>a
bm§~rMr Jwhm Amho.
gmJa {H$Zmè¶mdarb JwhoMm nyU©nUo {dH$mg Pmë¶mda Ooìhm bmQ>m§Mo nmUr JwhoV
àdoe H$aVo Voìhm JwhoVrb hdodarb Xm~ dmT>ë¶mZo Vr hdm JwhoVyZ ~mhoa nS>ʶmMm
à¶ËZ H$aVo. ˶m‘wio ˶m H$m|S>boë¶m hdoÀ¶m àM§S> Xm~m‘wio JwhoÀ¶m N>Vmbm Amanma
[¨N>Ð nS>Vo d ˶m {N>ÐmVyZ H$m|S>bobr hdm OmoamZo ~mhoa nS>Vo. ˶m JwhoÀ¶m {N>Ðmbm C^o
{N>Ð/ Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘Ur Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr ^mJmVhr {N>Ðo eoH$S>mo {‘Q>g© AgVmV.
(4)gmJar H$‘mZr d ñV§^(gmJar H$‘mZr d ñV§^(gmJar H$‘mZr d ñV§^(gmJar H$‘mZr d ñV§^(gmJar H$‘mZr d ñV§^( Sea arches and Stacks )))))… g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶m§darb
IS>H$m§Mm ^mJ g‘wÐmn¶ªV ngabobm Agob Aem ^mJmV Oa ‘¥Xÿ d H$‘Hw$dV IS>H$m§Mo
^mJ AgVrb Va Vo bmQ>m§À¶m AmKmVm‘wio {POyZ Zmhrgo hmoVmV d ˶m ^mJmV g§nyU©
IS>H$m§da Amanma {dpñVU© Ago {N>Ð nS>Vo. bmQ>m§À¶m AmKmVm‘wio ¶m {N>ÐmOdirb
IS>H$mMo ^mJ Zm{hgo hmoD$Z {N>Ð A{YH$M {dpñVU© hmoV OmVo. Aem {N>Ðm‘wio
{eëbH$ am{hbobm IS>H$mMm ^mJ H$‘mZrgmaIm {XgVmo. ¶mbm gmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZgmJar H$‘mZ Ago
åhUVmV.AmH¥$Vr 5.14 … g‘wÐ H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.14 … g‘wÐ H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.14 … g‘wÐ H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.14 … g‘wÐ H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.14 … g‘wÐ H$S>m
AmH¥$Vr 5.15 … gmJar Jwhm d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘UrAmH¥$Vr 5.15 … gmJar Jwhm d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘UrAmH¥$Vr 5.15 … gmJar Jwhm d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘UrAmH¥$Vr 5.15 … gmJar Jwhm d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘UrAmH¥$Vr 5.15 … gmJar Jwhm d Z¡g{J©H$ {M‘Ur
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bmQ>m§À¶m AmKmVm‘wio ¶m H$‘mZrÀ¶m N>Vmdarb IS>H$ {dXrU© hmoVmV d H$mbm§VamZo
H$‘mZrMo N>V Imbr H$mogiVo d H$‘mZrÀ¶m {^§VrMo ^mJ g‘wÐmV ñV§^mgmaIo C^o
AgVmV. ¶m§Zm gmJar ñV§^ Ago åhUVmV. ¶mV nmʶmImbr ~wS>mboë¶m IS>H$mÀ¶m
ñV§^mgma»¶m ^mJmZm ñQ>§ßgñQ>§ßgñQ>§ßgñQ>§ßgñQ>§ßg åhUVmV d nmʶmÀ¶m da Agboë¶m ñV§^mgma»¶m ^mJmZm
ñQ>°H$ñQ>°H$ñQ>°H$ñQ>°H$ñQ>°H$ Ago åhUVmV. CXm. ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘ܶo {‘S>b Am¶ ZmdmMr H$‘mZ Amho. Va
‘hmamîQ´>mÀ¶m npíM‘ {H$ZmanQ²>Q>rdarb S>hmUy. ‘wê$S>, Jmodm d d|Jwbm© ¶oWo gmJar ñV§^
nhmd¶mg {‘iVmV.
(5)Va§J K{f©V ‘§M(Va§J K{f©V ‘§M(Va§J K{f©V ‘§M(Va§J K{f©V ‘§M(Va§J K{f©V ‘§M( Wave cut platform )))))… gmJar bmQ>m§À¶m àham‘wio
{H$Zmè¶mda g‘wÐH$S>m {Z‘m©U hmoVo ¶m g‘wÐH$S>¶mda bmQ>mMm gVV AmKmV hmoV
Agë¶mg H$S>¶mÀ¶m nm¶Ï¶mOdi gmJar Jwhm V¶ma hmoVo. Jwhodarb N>namMm ^mJ
gmJaVimda bQ>H$V amhmVo d ˶mMm ^a Agô¶ Pmë¶mg Vmo gmJamV H$mogiVmo d
{H$Zmam ‘mJo gaH$Vmo. ˶m‘wio g‘wÐ H$S>¶mÀ¶m nm¶Ï¶mnmgwZ gmJamH$S>o CVma Agbobm
M~wVam {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ¶m M~wVè¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr bmQ>m§À¶m Kf©Um‘wio hmoV Agë¶m‘wio
˶mbm Va§JK{f©V ‘§M/M~wVam Ago åhUVmV. ñH$m°Q>b§S>À¶m npíM‘ {H$Zmè¶mda ¶m
àH$maMo {H$Zmao AmT>iVmV.
gmJar bmQ>m§Mo {Zjo¶/g§M¶Z H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo {Zjo¶/g§M¶Z H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo {Zjo¶/g§M¶Z H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo {Zjo¶/g§M¶Z H$m¶©gmJar bmQ>m§Mo {Zjo¶/g§M¶Z H$m¶© … g‘wÐmÀ¶m bmQ>m§À¶m AmKmVm‘wio
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb IS>H$m§Mr EH$gmaIr PrO hmoV AgVo. IS>H$m§Mr C§Mr H$‘r hmoVo d
˶m ^mJmV ˶mMo g§M¶Z hmoVo Ago nXmW© g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mda qH$dm g‘wÐmÀ¶m CWiAmH¥$Vr 5.16… gmJar H$‘mZ d ñV§^AmH¥$Vr 5.16… gmJar H$‘mZ d ñV§^AmH¥$Vr 5.16… gmJar H$‘mZ d ñV§^AmH¥$Vr 5.16… gmJar H$‘mZ d ñV§^AmH¥$Vr 5.16… gmJar H$‘mZ d ñV§^
AmH¥$Vr 5.17 … Va§J K{f©V ‘§M d H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.17 … Va§J K{f©V ‘§M d H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.17 … Va§J K{f©V ‘§M d H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.17 … Va§J K{f©V ‘§M d H$S>mAmH¥$Vr 5.17 … Va§J K{f©V ‘§M d H$S>m
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^mJmV gmMVmV. g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mOdirb CWi g‘wÐmÀ¶m ^mJmV nXmWm©À¶m g§M¶Zm‘wio
{Za{Zamio ^yAmH$ma {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
gmJar bmQ>m§À¶m g§M¶Z H$m¶m©Zo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^y{deof/^yAmH$ma…gmJar bmQ>m§À¶m g§M¶Z H$m¶m©Zo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^y{deof/^yAmH$ma…gmJar bmQ>m§À¶m g§M¶Z H$m¶m©Zo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^y{deof/^yAmH$ma…gmJar bmQ>m§À¶m g§M¶Z H$m¶m©Zo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^y{deof/^yAmH$ma…gmJar bmQ>m§À¶m g§M¶Z H$m¶m©Zo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao ^y{deof/^yAmH$ma… (1)
Va§J{Z{‘©V M~wVam/‘§M (2) nwiU (3) dmiwMo Xm§S>o (4) ^yg§b½ZZ Xm§S>m (5) Q>m|~mbmo
(6) db¶mH$ma Xm§S>o (7) gmJa{H$Zmar dmbwH$m{Jar
(1) Va§J{Z{‘©V M~wVam/‘§MVa§J{Z{‘©V M~wVam/‘§MVa§J{Z{‘©V M~wVam/‘§MVa§J{Z{‘©V M~wVam/‘§MVa§J{Z{‘©V M~wVam/‘§M( Wave built platform )… bmQ>m§À¶m jaUH$m¶m©‘wio V¶ma
hmoUmao nXmW© bmQ>m§~amo~a g‘wÐmH$S>o dmhV ¶oVmV. ¶mVrb H$mhr nXmW© Imob g‘wÐmV
dmhÿZ OmVmV, Va H$mhr nXmW© CWi g‘wÐmÀ¶m Vi^mJmda O‘m hmoVmV. Aem arVrZo
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶m§Mm Ob‘½Z ^mJ JmimZo ^éZ ¶oVmo. nXmWm©À¶m gVVÀ¶m g§M¶Zm‘wio
Ob‘½Z g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mÀ¶m ^mJmbm M~wVè¶mgmaIm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. ¶mbm Va§J{Z{‘©V
M~wVamM~wVamM~wVamM~wVamM~wVam Ago åhUVmV.
(2) nwiU(nwiU(nwiU(nwiU(nwiU( Beaches )))))… g‘wÐ bmQ>m§~amo~a dmhV ¶oUmao nXmW© g‘wÐmÀ¶m CWi
^mJmV g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mbm bmJyZ g‘m§Va {XeoV gmMVmV ¶m àH$maÀ¶m JmimÀ¶m
g§M¶Zmbm nwiUnwiUnwiUnwiUnwiU Ago åhUVmV. JmimÀ¶m Aem gVV g§M¶Zm‘wio nwiUrÀ¶m ^mJmMm
{dñVma hmoV OmD$Z CWi g‘wÐmMm ^mJ Agm g§M¶ZmZo ^éZ ¶oVmo. ˶m‘wio ~hþVoH$
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶m§Zm g‘m§Va Ago JmimMo nQ²>Q>o V¶ma Pmbobo AmT>iVmV. Jmoì¶mVrb H$mobdm
~rM d H$b§JwQ> ~rM à{gÜX AmhoV. OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r nwiU ~«mPrbÀ¶m X{jU
{H$Zmè¶mda Amho. ¶m nwiUmg bJmo S>m°g n°Q>mog åhUVmV. ¶mMr bm§~r 1254 {H$‘r
Amho.
nwiUrMo àH$ma-(A) bKw nwiU … Oo nwiU AmH$mamZo d {dñVmamZo bhmZ AgVmV ˶m§Zm
bKwnwiU åhUVmV.
(~) AJ«ImS>r nwiUAJ«ImS>r nwiUAJ«ImS>r nwiUAJ«ImS>r nwiUAJ«ImS>r nwiU… CngmJamOdi nwiUmMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbr Agë¶mg ˶mbm
AJ«ImS>r nwiU åhUVmV.
(H$)AY©M§ÐmH$ma nwiUAY©M§ÐmH$ma nwiUAY©M§ÐmH$ma nwiUAY©M§ÐmH$ma nwiUAY©M§ÐmH$ma nwiU… Ooìhm bmQ>m§Mm doJ A{YH$ AgVmo Voìhm AmIVm‘Yrb
nmʶmMr Imobr dmT>Vo. PrOoVyZ {‘iUmè¶m nXmWm©Mo à‘mU {dnwb AgVo AemdoirAmH¥$Vr 5.18 … nwiUAmH¥$Vr 5.18 … nwiUAmH¥$Vr 5.18 … nwiUAmH¥$Vr 5.18 … nwiUAmH¥$Vr 5.18 … nwiU
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AmImV qH$dm CngmJamÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶mOdi {dñV¥V {Zjon hmoVo ho {ZjonU AY©M§ÐmH$ma
Agë¶mZo ˶mbm AY©M§ÐmH$ma nwiU Ago åhUVmV
(3)dmiyMo Xm§S>o(dmiyMo Xm§S>o(dmiyMo Xm§S>o(dmiyMo Xm§S>o(dmiyMo Xm§S>o( Barriers )))))… g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mOdirb CWi g‘wÐmV bmQ>m ’w$Qy>Z
˶m§À¶m~amo~a dmhV Ambobr dmiy d BVa nXmW© g‘wÐmÀ¶m CWi ^mJmV gmMVmV. hr
{H«$¶m gVV gwé am{hë¶mg CWi g‘wÐmÀ¶m Vi^mJmda dmiyÀ¶m g§M¶ZmMr C§Mr dmT>V
OmVo d H$mbm§VamZo dmiyÀ¶m g§M¶m‘wio {H$Zmè¶mbm g‘m§Va Aem dmiyÀ¶m Xm§S>¶m§Mr
{Z{‘©Vr hmoVo ho dmiyMo Xm§S>o nmʶm~mhoa Amë¶mda qMMmoù¶m ~oQ>mgmaIo {XgVmV. dmiyMo
Xm§S>o V¶ma Pmë¶mda g‘wÐ{H$Zmam d dmiyMo Xm§S>o ¶m§À¶m Xaå¶mZÀ¶m ^mJmV Imè¶m
nmʶmMr bm§~M bm§~ CWi gamodao {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m gamodam§Zm ImOUImOUImOUImOUImOU( Lagoon )
Ago åhUVmV. ^maVmV Amo[agmÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶mda {MëH$m d V{‘iZmSy>À¶m {H$Zmè¶mda
nwb{H$Vnwb{H$Vnwb{H$Vnwb{H$Vnwb{H$V ZmdmMr gamodao AemM àH$maMr AmhoV. ‘hmamîQ´>mÀ¶m qgYwXÿJ© {Oëô¶mÀ¶m
{H$ZmanQ²>Q>rdarb ‘mbdUÀ¶m X{jUobm Xod~mJ ¶oWo gw‘mao 5 {H$.‘r. bm§~rMm dmiyMm
Xm§S>m V¶ma Pmbm Amho. ¶m dmiyÀ¶m Xm§S>¶m§da bmoH$dñVr AmT>iVo.
(4)^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m(^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m(^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m(^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m(^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m( Spits)))))… ‘w»¶ ^y^mJmer g§b½Z AgyZ gmJamH$S>o dmT>V
Joboë¶m dmiyÀ¶m Xm§S>¶mbm ^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m qH$dm pñnQ>^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m qH$dm pñnQ>^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m qH$dm pñnQ>^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m qH$dm pñnQ>^yg§b½Z Xm§S>m qH$dm pñnQ> Ago åhUVmV. gmJar
bmQ>m§~amo~a dmhUmao nXmW© gmJamÀ¶m Imob
^mJmV dmhV Z OmVm {H$Zmè¶mH$S>o ¶oUmè¶m
bmQ>m§‘wio Vo nXmW© ImS>rÀ¶m ‘wImg‘moa d
~mOyg gmMVmV. ˶m‘wio ^yg§b½Z^yg§b½Z^yg§b½Z^yg§b½Z^yg§b½Z
Xm§S>¶m§MrXm§S>¶m§MrXm§S>¶m§MrXm§S>¶m§MrXm§S>¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.
dmiyÀ¶m gVV g§M¶Zm‘wio ¶m
dmH$boë¶m Q>moH$m§Mm {dñVma {H$Zmè¶mÀ¶m
{XeoZo EH$ gmaIm dmT>V OmVmo.
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mH$S>o PwH$boë¶m Aem dmiyÀ¶m
Xm§S>¶mZm hÿH$( Hook) Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr
^mJmV dmiyÀ¶m ‘w»¶m Xm§S>¶mbm b§~dV pñWVrV nwîH$igo bhmZ bhmZ ’$mQ>o ’w$Q>VmV.AmH¥$Vr 5.19… dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.19… dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.19… dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.19… dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.19… dmiwMo Xm§S>o
AmH¥$Vr 5.20 … gb½Z dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.20 … gb½Z dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.20 … gb½Z dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.20 … gb½Z dmiwMo Xm§S>oAmH¥$Vr 5.20 … gb½Z dmiwMo Xm§S>o
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¶mVrb à˶oH$ ’$mQ>¶m§Mr Q>moHo$hr g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mH$S>o dibobr AgVmV. ¶m ’$mQ>¶m§Mm
AmH$ma hmVmÀ¶m ~moQ>mgmaIm {XgVmo ¶m àH$maÀ¶m dmiyÀ¶m Xm§S>¶mZm g§¶w³Vg§¶w³Vg§¶w³Vg§¶w³Vg§¶w³V
hþH$hþH$hþH$hþH$hþH$(Compound Hooks ) Ago åhUVmV.
(5)Q>m|~mobmo(Q>m|~mobmo(Q>m|~mobmo(Q>m|~mobmo(Q>m|~mobmo( Tombolo )))))… H$mhr g‘wÐ^mJmV dmiyÀ¶m Xm§S>¶m‘wio g‘wÐmVrb ~oQ>o
‘w»¶ ^y‘rI§S>mer OmoS>br OmVmV. H$mhr
^mJmV OdiOdi Agbobr g‘wÐmVrb XmoZ
~oQ>o ¶m àH$maÀ¶m Xm§S>¶mZr OmoS>br OmVmV.
BQ>br‘ܶo Aem Xm§S>¶m§Zm Q>mo§~mobmoQ>mo§~mobmoQ>mo§~mobmoQ>mo§~mobmoQ>mo§~mobmo Ago Zmd
Amho. {O~«mëQ>aÀ¶m g‘wÐYwZrV Ago Xm§S>o
nhmd¶mg {‘iVmV. VgoM aËZm{Jar ¶oWrb
{‘è¶m ZmdmMo Jmd hr AemM àH$maMo Amho.
(6)db¶mH$ma Xm§S>o(db¶mH$ma Xm§S>o(db¶mH$ma Xm§S>o(db¶mH$ma Xm§S>o(db¶mH$ma Xm§S>o( Bar Loops )))))…
H$mhr {R>H$mUr g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mda {Z‘m©U
hmoUmè¶m dmiyÀ¶m Xm§S>¶m§Mr g‘wÐmH$S>rb Q>moHo$
{H$Zmè¶mH$S>o dmH$VmV. H$mbm§VamZo ¶m Q>moH$m§Mm {dñVma dmT>V OmD$Z Vr Q>moHo$
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mbm OmD$Z {‘iVmV d Aem arVrZo db¶mH$ma Xm§S>¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m§Zm
~ma bwßg Ago åhUVmV.
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97
5.7 ÒeMve

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98ÒeLece Jeme$eebleerHejer#esmeeþer ÒeMveHeef$ekesÀ®ee megOeeefjle vecegvee
Hejer#es®ee keÀeueeJeOeer : 3 leeme SketÀCe iegCe : 100 (Òeleer me$e)
met®evee :
1) meJe& ÒeMve (ÒeMve ¬eÀ. 1 les 5) mees[efJeCes DeefveJee³e& Deens.
2) DeeJeM³ekeÀ efþkeÀeCeer megyekeÀ Deeke=Àl³ee Je DeejeKe[îee®ee JeeHej keÀje.
3) vekeÀeMee HegjJeCeer cegK³e GÊejHeef$ekesÀme pees[e.
4) GpeJeerkeÀ[erue DebkeÀ HetCe& iegCe oMe&efJeleele.
Òe. 1 keÀesCelesner SkeÀ ÒeMve mees[Jee. (ÒekeÀjCe 5) 20 iegCe
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Òe. 2 keÀesCelesner oesve ÒeMve mees[Jee. (ÒekeÀjCe 1) 20 iegCe
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Òe. 3 keÀesCelesner oesve ÒeMve mees[Jee. (ÒekeÀjCe 2) 20 iegCe
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Òe. 4 keÀesCelesner oesve ÒeMve mees[Jee. (ÒekeÀjCe 3) 20 iegCe
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Òe.5keÀesCelesner oesve ÒeMve mees[Jee. (ÒekeÀjCe 4) 20 iegCe
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